Thursday, October 31, 2019

An Examination of Motivation Among African American Males of Junior Research Paper

An Examination of Motivation Among African American Males of Junior High School Age - Research Paper Example It is a process in which an individual acquires and develops knowledge, understanding, skills, interests and attitude that are necessary to meet life’s situations. It is not necessary that the quality of education is the same everywhere. Quality of education depends on how society or government help young students to achieve their educational goals. It is not necessary that all the people may have the same learning or grasping abilities. Learning is a complex process which depends on many factors such as the cultural, intellectual and economic background of the learner. Different people may have different learning styles and learning abilities because of their individual differences. For example, in America, most of the schools may have students from different parts of the world. African Americans are huge in number in America and hence in many of the public and private schools may have a substantial amount of African American students. The learning abilities and the learning styles of American students and the American African students may have huge differences and in many cases, the teacher may faces troubles in teaching a diverse class. Moreover, compared to girls, boys always regarded school as a boring waste of time. America claims that they provide equal learning opportunities for all, however, the Black-White achievement gap still exists. This leads to a variety of political, economic, and social ramifications for students. This paper analyses the reasons why and how, middle school-aged African American boys in the United States are, by that age, especially unmotivated to do well in school. Black males are among the most likely students to take the least rigorous academic schedule and least likely to take advanced math or advanced science- all predictors of college. Black males begin falling behind in reading math and science during the primary grades. Subsequently, they are disproportionately underrepresented in advanced math, science and foreign language class in middle school (Black male achievement, n. d).

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Quality Concepts of Statistical Applications Research Paper

Quality Concepts of Statistical Applications - Research Paper Example It is important to note that the meaning of the word quality varies between people and sectors. However, there are two definitions for technical usage as follows. 1) Features of a service or a product that determine its ability to fulfill implied or stated needs. This is in line with Philip Crosby’s definition of â€Å"conformance to requirements† 2) Deficiency free product or service. This conforms with Joseph Juran’s definition of â€Å"fitness for use† From the term quality we can derive two other terms. These are quality assurance and quality control. These two terms can have several definitions because of the various definitions of the words assurance and control. For example, assurance can be interpreted as being certain or making confident. Control on the other hand can be interpreted as guiding or an evaluation to determine appropriate corrective responses. Quality assurance and quality control are often used in place of each other to mean actions undertaken to ensure quality of a service or a process. It is however important to differentiate these two terms for clarity in their use. Quality assurance focuses on the processes through which products are developed or services delivered. It aims to prevent defects through quality processes that the products undergo. Quality control on the other hand focuses on the end products. ... One school of thought was proposed by Douglas McGregor. He had two theories in this case, theory x and theory y. Both theories are based on the assumption that one of the roles of a manager is to organize the factors of production. Theory x assumes the following of an average person. They dislike work and try to avoid it, have no ambition and want no responsibility. It also assumes that they are self-centered and do not care about organizational goals. In a nutshell persons who fall under theory x work only for money and security. Management approaches in this area could range from hard to soft approach. These would include coercion, implicit threat, close supervisions and tight controls. Theory y, on the other hand, assumes the following about an average person. Work is as natural as play and rest. Commitment helps people meet their work objectives in a self-directed manner. People generally seek responsibility. Since people align their goals to organizational goals in this theory, managers can take several measures to ensure the best input from employees. These measures could include decentralization and delegation, job enlargement, participative management and performance appraisals. The concept of scientific management was coined by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911. There are several principles, also referred to as elements that detail the mechanisms of scientific management. These he considered as extensions to the four principles of management. The four concepts of managements are as follows. The development of a true science The scientific selection of the workman The scientific education and development of the workman Intimate and friendly cooperation between the management and the men.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Globalization History Can Be Traced To Hellenistic Age Economics Essay

Globalization History Can Be Traced To Hellenistic Age Economics Essay Globalization refers to integration of regional societies, cultures and economies through reduction of state enforced limitations on exchanges between different countries thereby enhancing a global network of trade and communication. While globalization is driven by interaction of different, economies, technology, political factors and social cultures, the term is in most cases used to refer to economic globalization where different countries economies become integrated into an international economy through a globe spanning network of trade, migration, foreign trade investments, technology and capital flows. Globalization also involves transnational exchange of ideas, languages and acculturation (Amin, 2004). Globalization history can be traced from the Hellenistic age and the rise of cosmopolitan when commercialized urban centres of Greek culture like Athens, Antioch and Alexandria enhanced a widespread of trade and commercial links. Globalization continued with the colonization of Americans by Europeans which initiated the Columbian exchange enhancing a wide spread of crops, trade and human populations and migration. Globalization however got its modern form in 19th century shaped by imperialism when industrialization brought about economies of scale which made cheap production which was sustained by increased population demand. Its argued that the forces of globalization enhanced the world war (Barkema Drogendijk, 2007). Globalization as used by different economists and social scientists can be traced back in 1960s and has inspired diverse and numerous definitions and understanding. Globalization and internationalization are interchangeably used; the only distinction in the usage of the two terms is that internationalization is more focused on international relations, trade and treaties which are driven by labour and capital mobility. Globalization as used in economic context refers to reduction and elimination of barriers between different countries economies in away that flow of goods and services capital and labour is facilitated. Some of the things that slowdown globalization include countries political and capital policies which are inward looking and focused to protection of countries industries (Wood,1998).To enhance globalization microeconomics processes need to be focused on economic policies, political subjectivity, capital and other different dynamics and domains so as to denationalize wha t has been made national. Globalization is seen as a way of flattening the world into global system of trade, supply chain and outsourcing and this has greatly and permanently changed countries economies, political forces both in a good and a bad way. The rate of globalization is increasing and continues to have a rising impact on business practice and commercial organization, giving a neo-liberal kind of international economic systems (Beall, 2004). Rapid expansion of transnational corporations in U.S and Europe has given rise to systematic trend of economies growth and die dynamics which are the main drives of the quickening globalization which has stand the counter tendency changes and forces that emanate from trade union actions and political activities. Globalization has become an irreversible phenomenon whose long history in market economic systems has given rise to transnational elites and political globalization which has phased out the traditional form of powerful-nation states, globalization has given rise to cultural and ideological homogenization worldwide coupled with significant inventions. Globalization has largely been driven by political planning which has seen a breakdown of trade borders and increasing interdependence of states through international commerce and trade and the establishment of international institutions to manage the globalization process. These institutions include the World Bank (formerly know n as bank for International Reconstruction and Development), World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund. Advanced Technology has greatly reduced the trade and negotiation cost through agreed trade tariffs which have seen the possibility of free trade among different countries (Ostry, 1998). Some of the actions involved in the General Agreement on Trade Tariffs include elimination of trade tariffs creating free trade zones, lowering the transportation costs and enhancing containerization which has made Ocean hipping in different countries possible, introduction of harmonized trade subsidies globally which has attracted different corporations in the international market. Increased restrictions in the harmonized intellectual property laws have also seen a great breakthrough for free trade such that intellectual properties and patents are recognized across states. Trade treaties enhanced by the WTO like the Uruguay Round which has introduced a uniform trading platform, oth er multilateral and bilateral agreements on trade like North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have greatly reduced the trade tariffs and barriers and enhanced free trade and given a rise in world exports and the total gross world product (Lazear, 1999). Advanced communication technology; mobile pone and other computer software technology spread among countries which have made communication cheap and possible among countries, and worldwide marketing has greatly driven cultural globalization with western American culture dominating most regions in expense of the traditional diversity. The contrasting trend led by movements in protest to globalization has not given any fruits in its defence for local individuality uniqueness and identity (Yeung, 2002). According to Rothstein (2005), various economic characteristics of globalization like capital, labour, technology and exports and imports, we can easily measure globalization if we take it as economic globalization. Exports and imports can be determined as a proportion gross national income while labour can be determined as net migration rates flow; weighted by population inward and outward flow. Inward and outward capital flow can be determined through investment as a proportion of per capital income while technology can be measured in terms of worldwide research as well as development flows and the rates of change noted through inventions that has given new products in telephone, motor vehicle and broadband industries (Knaude, 2001). However globalization is not economic phenomenon only and therefore requires a multivariate approach in taking its measurement. Swiss index has taken into consideration three key dimensions of globalization as political, economic and cultural effects taking some sub-indices like economic flows and restrictions, personal contact data, information flow and cultural proximity data which are available on annual basis. According to the Swiss index, Belgium is the most globalized country worldwide followed by Austria and Sweden while United Kingdom comes fourth followed by Netherlands (Agell, 1999). The Index has shown that Haiti is the least globalized countries followed by Myanmar and Burundi. Globalization has given forth to good and bad aspects which have affected countries in different ways. Movement of production materials and manufactured goods has given rise to emergence of worldwide markets and given consumers and firms a broader access to foreign products. The trade between China and Africa particularly has rise seven times fro the period between 2000 and 2007. Emergence of international financial markets has given customers worldwide access to external finance. This has however grown fast than the transnational regulatory regime and given rise to instability in the worldwide financial infrastructure as evidenced by the current financial crisis (Mishkin, 2009). Realization of a worldwide market where goods and capital are free exchange has a great economic realization while its interconnectedness would give great effects in case of one economy collapsing. For instance, every worldwide IT company has established its market in India, if Indias economy collapses this would have the adverse effects spread amongst many other economies (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Globalization has greatly affected the health systems on a global scale where health has became a trade commodity especially in developing nations following the structural adjustment programs which have seen the health sector privatized and the health policy largely fragmented due to various private interests which have focused on partnerships as a way to fight the various problems instead of a comprehensive health strategy. Health policy has greatly been affected by the global trade and economy driven by the technological advancement which has given innovative medical care trade. At time the global priorities have run over the nation health care priorities making the health infrastructure more valuable to public the privatized form of health care which largely focuses on the wealthy (Dunning, 1998). Globalization has led to creation of governments with relaxed relationships and guaranteed social and economic rights. United State has over time taken a powerful position following its strong and wealthy economy. The republic of China has experienced rapid growth following globalization and with support from the United States. Economists have projected that if Chinas growth is maintained at that rate, this would bring a great change world wide in the next twenty years since it will mean power reallocation among world leaders with China being one of the wealthy and industrialized nations and this will rival the United States worldwide powerful position (Jones, 2008). Increased Informational flow between different geographical locations has brought technological change with the introduction of fibre optic communications and improved accessibility via telephone and Internet facility. Globalization has also increased competition due to worldwide market which has challenged different companies and industries to improve their products and skilfully use technology. Globalization has brought various ecological changes and environmental challenges due to cross boundary pollution of water and air and the overfishing of oceans as well as spread species which are invasive. This can be faced out through international cooperation, but its noted that most factories run their plants in developing nations where environmental regulations are lenient. As such globalization and free trade has largely increased pollution in these countries and deteriorated peoples standard of living. The world ecological capacity has proved insufficient to handle the ambitions of Ch ina, U.S, and Europe among other countries sustainably. Also globalization would bring about depletion of resources like zinc, terbium and indium, if U.S, China and India continue with the current consumption this would lead to conflict over diminishing natural-resources (Casson, 1996). One classic cultural aspect of globalization is food consumption whereby people in China can be consuming American food while those in Africa can be consuming Italian meals. McDonalds is one of the American food companies with a global network of 31,000 locations worldwide and has had great cultural influence globally. In addition to international travel, migration and tourism internet has broken down cultural borders worldwide through enabling interaction and communication among people from different state, thus sharing different lifestyles and cultures even beyond the language barriers by use of photo sharing websites. Globalization has led to spread of multiculturalism where some come local cultures have been assimilated and others have been supplanted (Taylor, 2008). Globalization has however faced significant opposition internationally arguing that it has lowered the quality of life and increased the environmental degradation by reducing the competitiveness of some countries industries, and perhaps agriculture in nations that have not yet adapted to the changes brought by globalization (Daryl, 2009). The flow of information, products and people across countries has led to spread of deadliest diseases like HIV/Aids which still remain a top cause of death especially in Asia and Africa while the infectious disease actually began in America. Also, globalization played vital role in the recent bird flue which spread to different nations and killed several. Other diseases whose spread has been fuelled by globalization include the chagas disease and tuberculosis (Bernstein Cashore, 2000). Globalization has created opportunities in developed and rich nations thereby driving talent from poor countries which has led to brain drains. This has cost Africa continent approximately $4.1 billion expatriate professionals yearly. Globalization negative economic liberalization effects are also manifested by the global financial crisis which has been as a result of interconnected states forming global economic system such as the crumple of subprime financial or mortgage market in U.S. The flow of products like televisions, textiles and others in the U.S have fueled expansion of Asian economies but has as well raised great criticism against Chinese textile products in Europe as well as in African countries (Levy-Livermore, 1999). For instance, the influx of Chinese textile goods in South Africa has led to loss of jobs by textile workers in that industry. Different studies show that, globalization has not fought Income disparity and food insecurity such that the three richest people worldwide owns more financial assets than what 10% of the poorest world population possess. For example, in sub-Saharan basin Africa communities continue to live in extreme poverty with studies indicating that almost half of children population in India is undernourished. Globalization opens door for a poor country to reach international market, and as such large corporations have taken advantage of such economies to facilitate export poverty such that they invest in these nations due to low wage rates and if the countries labour laws are changed in favour of employees the corporations close down and relocate to other countries with conservative economic policies (Zander Mathews, 2007). In conclusion, critics argue that globalization has led most poor countries suffer disadvantages since their exports are mainly agricultural products and they are unable to offer their producers subsidies which are enjoyed in the developed nations thereby lowering the prices for poor producers. Globalization also leads to exploitation of workers who are impoverished in these poor countries through cheap labour and weak labour unions (Taylor, 2008). Globalization is mediated depending of corporate interests which results to alternative institutional policies that address moral claims for both the poor and working population and environmental concerns in an equitable way.

Friday, October 25, 2019

My Family: God Blessed Our Family with Robbie Essay -- Personal Narrat

Robbie is my eight-year-old brother. He is autistic. Autism is a developmental disability that interferes with the normal development of the brain in the areas of reasoning, social interaction, and communication skills. Because of autism, Robbie has severe delays in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions, and even in play activities. Robbie does not do what is normal for a child of eight and he acts much younger. Things that most children do automatically have to be taught to Robbie. Robbie goes to school every day. He is in a special education program that has helped him greatly. The TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped Children) technique is used. It is a highly structured program with a great emphasis on functional and communication skills. Despite Robbie' inability to speak, he has learned how to communicate his needs and wants to others by using a Ma... ... Tank and "Friends" series and several of the Disney videos. He loves playing with "Tickle Me Elmo" and doing puzzles. But most of all Robbie enjoys eating. Pasta and noodle soup are his favorites. He is able to get the ingredients together by himself so all Mom has to do is turn on the stove and watch it cook. Robbie is autistic but he is also a very smart, funny, and loving person. He is so special and I am so happy to have such a special brother like Robbie.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Benjamin Franklin Analysis

On Choosing a Mistress â€Å"On Choosing a Mistress† is a letter written by Benjamin Franklin to advise one of his close friends about choosing a mistress. In his 1745 letter, Franklin conveys that marriage is the only remedy for lustful inclinations, but if the friend is determined to stray outside marriage,  Franklin  advices, â€Å"you should prefer old Women to young ones. † Franklin  offers some basic, clean advice: they are more knowledgeable, they are more discreet, they cannot get pregnant, and then he gets down to more lascivious details.This letter was written by Benjamin Franklin long before he became president of the United States of America, Benjamin at the time was in the midst of his life. This document is unique because it was not intended for the public. The document suggests that Franklin still carried a sense of consciousness and morality, unlike what his critics say. The letter shows that Franklin was undoubtedly a really intelligent person wit h a sharp way of thinking. Franklin puts every prospect into effect in this letter; this explains why he was successful in life.The significance of this document comes in the fact that it is a personal letter rather than a document published for the public. This is extremely important in analyzing Benjamin Franklin’s personality accurately. Documents that are made for the public usually are written based upon what is accepted by the society, they tend to not include anything that may affect the writers’ reputation. It is clear that the society at the time in which the letter was written is different from today’s society in many ways. American society at the time was much more conservative than it is today.Sexual relationships outside of marriage were considered to be immoral and were shunned by the society. Franklin is wary about not having a person to make the mistake of being found of having an illegal relation or begetting an illegitimate child. The former po int may a result of his own experience with his legitimate son William. . In his 6th and 7th point, Franklin puts into effect the guilt of ruining a virgin girl’s life. He furthermore makes it clear that marriage is the most proper way to fulfill sexual desires. This explains that Franklin still has emphasis for morals and ethics.The conclusions about Franklin’s person put forward from this letter could in fact be used to foreshadow the decisions he made in his future, and how he calculated each decision by carefully studying all the negatives and positives. Supporters of Benjamin Franklin regard this letter in contrary with his critics. Supporters may argue that Franklin understood that not everyone was in the right situation to get married. They also argue that the point put out by this was only to be used as a last resort. Benjamin’s critics rather carry a conflicting opinion.These documents have used as means to demoralize Benjamin Franklin by his enemies. T hey claim that Benjamin was in fact a whoremonger. Regardless of who’s view is more accurate, this letter still demonstrates Franklin’s extraordinary intelligence in critical thinking and decision making. Three Fables Franklin was never content with mere learned argument and syllogism in his campaigns in the press. In 1770, he had written and published three fables teaching the foolishness of punitive measures against the American colonies.These three fables portrayed Franklin’s stunning use of literature for propaganda purposes. These fables also resembled the oppressive measures taken by Britain through the numerous acts which were seen as a heavy burden by the colonists. Franklin portrays the colonies as the cows, the cat, and the lion, while portraying Britain as the farmer, the eagle, and the mastiff. Consequently in all three fables, the weak overcomes the strong, but only as a result of extreme oppression by the strong. These fables may be have been perce ived as an indirect threat to the British in colonial America.The fables were published during a time in which there was increasing tension between the colonists and the British. Franklin at the time was appointed as an agent of several colonies to the crown. His job was to convince the king and the parliament to change their policies towards the American colonies. These fables further ascertain Franklin’s enormous talent in literature. Writing such precise and explanatory stories in just a few sentences require a great author, Franklin has proven himself likewise.Franklin attempted to use these fables as political propaganda, as well as to draw support towards the American cause. By getting the English lords and decision makers to view it, Benjamin franklin wanted to make it clear that treating the American colonies as cash cows would certainly backfire. This document draws its significant mainly due to the foreshadowing of the American Revolution. Not many people would prob ably have taken this writing seriously when it was first published, but some years later and with the beginning of the American Revolution, people would truly start to admire these fables.The British decision makers in which the fables were inscribed probably have showed little interest, that is clearly shown by the fact they continued to ignore the demands of the American colonies. Perhaps the nature of these fables prompted the British decision makers to further ignore the demands because they saw these fables as a challenge, and they wanted to show that they could face such challenges. Franklins has done an excellent job in summoning his literary skills for the American cause. The writing of the â€Å"Three Fables† was a symbolic warning to the English administration.Although the fables sounded threatening, the English parliament still didn’t react seriously to the American demands. Benjamin’s writing was an early foreshadowing of the American Revolution. He has shown that he is indeed a true American patriot. Rules by which A Great empire May Be Reduced to a Small One After failing to secure support in England, Franklin resorted to political satire in order to express the colonies grievances. In the 1770s, even after helping to defeat the Stamp Act and (later) the Townsend Acts, Franklin grew frustrated with the British leaders' ignorance of America and condescending attitude toward the colonies.Franklin at the time was still an ambassador of several American colonies to Britain. He wrote more essays denouncing British policies towards America. â€Å"Rules  By  Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One† was one of the most known of these essays. The essay was clearly deprecated by the British. Franklin argued that the settlers and their ancestors were the ones who have built and expanded the colonies. Benjamin Franklin has shown that he was a true patriot through this essay. Franklin’s essay was most likely r eceived by widespread discontent by both the public and the authorities in England.The fact that the writing threatened that British colonies may start breaking away has caused many British nationalists to condemn and refuse Franklins ideas. Even some of the lords who held some sympathy for the American cause pulled out their support after this essay was published. The King has probably received this with even wider discontent. It did not only make a direct threat to the kings’ authority, but the points within were more of an order than that of a request. That may have further prompted the British authorities to ignore the requests.Franklin also argued that the colonists and their ancestors are the ones who worked hard to bring the colonies to what they were at the time. Most colonials would have agreed with Franklins reasoning. Many of the American born colonists did not see any real connection with Britain. This shows the deepening division that was occurring between the Am erican colonies and Britain at the time. Although the writing shows that Benjamin franklin would have preferred to prevent violent escalation between Britain and the American colonies, it was clear he put the interest of the American colonies first.Benjamin franklin has pointed out some great points in the document â€Å"Rules  By  Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One†. His ideas which threatened that British colonies may did not sound appealing to people of Britain. This piece of writing also showed the widening rift between Britain and the American colonies. It was also made clear that Franklin put the interest of the American colonies as a priority. Although he sounded strict in some of his points, He has shown that he indeed does have what it takes to be a great leader.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Nissan Report Essay

Company Overview Established in Yokohama, Kanagawa in 1933, Nissan Motors Co. Ltd currently manufactures vehicles in 20 countries and areas around the world, including Japan. Global unit sales in fiscal 2009 totalled 3.515 million vehicles. In addition to vehicles, Nissan also develops, manufactures and markets marine equipment. Nissan has a portfolio of two brands, NISSAN and INFINITI, worldwide. NISSAN vehicles are marketed in all major market worldwide. INFINITI was launched as a luxury car brand in North America in 1989. The INFINITI brand has since expanded to Middle East, Korea and Europe, and will continue to enter into new markets globally. Nissan builds high-quality cars that are safe and have the bold design and innovative technology to satisfy our customers’ needs. Vision Nissan: Enriching People’s Lives Mission statement Nissan provides unique and innovative automotive products and services that deliver superior measurable values to all stakeholders* in alliance with Renault. Long term goal Nissan wants to continue its quest to optimize product development and deliver highly innovative technology. Today, in various countries and regions around the world, they enjoy a stellar reputation for creating truly innovative vehicles and service programs. Short term goal The world is changing, and Nissan is adapting with it. Their short term goals are to harness the power that’s inside Nissan to prepare solutions that their customers will want and value, now and in the years to come. Solutions such as: electric and fuel cell vehicles that are attractive, fun-to-drive cars with the appealing benefit of zero emissions; global entry cars that make mobility more accessible and affordable for all; and Innovative technological advances that are good for the environment, enhance safety, improve dynamic performance or provide greater life-on-board satisfaction. Organisational structure Nissan places high value on transparency, both internally and externally, in its corporate management. They focus consistently on the implementation of efficient management for the purpose of achieving clear and quantifiable commitments. In line with this principle, and in accordance with Japan’s Company Law and its related regulations, the Board of Directors has decided on the Internal Control Systems to pursue these goals and on its own basic policy. The board continually monitors the implementation status of these systems and the policy, making adjustments and improvements as necessary. One board member has also been assigned to oversee the Internal Control Systems as a whole. Nissan has adopted a system under which the Board of Statutory Auditors oversees the Board of Directors. The Statutory Auditors attend board and other key meetings, and also carry out interviews with board members to audit their activities. The Statutory Auditors regularly receive reports on the results of inspections and plans for future audits from independent accounting auditors, as well as exchange information to confirm these reports. The Statutory Auditors also receive regular reports from the Japan Internal Audit Office, making use of this information for their own audits. The organisational structure could also be explained with the help of the following diagram Here the Board of Directors overlooks the working of the CEO and President who is Carlos Ghosn. The CEO overlooks the working of the branch managers in various locations. Each branch manager handles a groups o VP marketing, VP production, VP finance, VP Public Relations, and VP Human Resource. Organisational Behaviour Nissan is deploying various activities under the banner of Blue Citizenship, which encapsulates their desire to preserve the blue Earth and to be a corporate citizen in harmonious coexistence with people and society. Those activities range from such global issues as the environment to contributing to communities, promoting diversity and making personal mobility available to as many people as possible. SUSTAINABILITY Nissan Green Program The history of Nissan taking environmental measures goes as far back as 1947. Since 1992, abiding to our environmental philosophy â€Å"Symbiosis of People, Vehicle, and Nature†, we have as an enterprise, been accelerating the activities pertaining to the said philosophy. At present we are promoting our mid-term environmental plan â€Å"Nissan Green Program 2010†, identifying the 3 crucial issues, and setting the ultimate goals of â€Å"reducing CO2 emissions†, â€Å"cleaner (conservation of the atmosphere/water/earth) emissions†, and â€Å"resource circulation (the promoting of the 3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle)†. We are furthering our measures to achieve these goals. The 4 optimums, Nissan’s Powertrain Road Map In order to steadily reduce CO2 emissions, Nissan sees the total contribution of providing truthfully effective technology at an affordable price to its clients, while at the same time swiftly propagating these technologies, as crucial. That said, we believe the â€Å"4 optimums† – â€Å"Investment in the optimum technology that fits the market needs, at the opportune moment, at the best value for the clients†, as the basis of technology investment. Based on these 4 optimums, we will not only ultimately heighten the engine efficiency of petrol motor vehicles, but also proceed with the development and  investment of electrical vehicles which are zero-emission vehicles. Measures for a zero-emission vehicle For vehicle manufacturers, the best long-term policy that both creates demand and protects the environment, is to created a zero-emission vehicle that has no negative effects toward the environment. The Renault-Nissan Alliance sees the propagation and investment in electrical vehicles, which are zero-emission vehicles, as central to the corporate strategy, and committed to become a â€Å"leader through electrical vehicles†. The electrical vehicles that are being developed in Nissan will be introduced in the United States, Europe as well as in Japan in FY2010. By FY2012, there are plans to globally merchandise them. Lithium-ion Batteries Nissan had, at an early stage, taken interest in the development of motors, batteries, and inverters which are key technologies for electrical vehicles. Aiming to achieve the goals set forth in the â€Å"Nissan Green Program 2010†, we are striving to strengthen the developmental measures we have been taking up to this point. Additionally, we are working to develop technology for further practicability, and taking efforts in reducing their costs. In 2007, we established the Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) that deals with the production and sales of â€Å"compact lithium-ion batteries†. The batteries that are to be developed will be used within electrical vehicles, as well as hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. Quality At Nissan, we believe that the quality of our products allows us to build a relationship of mutual trust with our customers and is the foundation for continual growth. Product quality is far more than just the performance of Nissan vehicles. It means everything related to our car that brings satisfaction to our customers, from the moment of seeing and touching a Nissan car in the showroom to the support given by the sales staff and the post-purchase driving experience. Nissan quality also extends to after-sales inspections and repairs. We will continue to evaluate and improve all areas of our operations in order to provide the products and services that will constantly give satisfaction to our customers. Safety Shield Nissan aims to halve the number of fatal and serious injuries from accidents involving Nissan vehicles in Japan by 2015 compared with 1995. Based on analysis of real-world accidents, Nissan has been working progressively to design and engineer safer vehicles. Safety shield is an approach to provide continuous support against dangerous situations, by activating various barriers according to the circumstances, from normal driving to post-accident. We are advancing development based on even more sophisticated and proactive safety policy. PARTNERSHIP Yokohama mobility â€Å"Project ZERO† In March 2009, the Renault-Nissan Alliance and Yokohama City saw an agreement over the 5-year -plan, the `Yokohama Mobility â€Å"Project Zero†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ, which aims to realize the â€Å"environment model city† that is promoted by Yokohama City. In order to reduce CO2 emissions, this partnership will see cooperation in disseminating eco-drive, in addition to testing guidance routes that will contribute to reducing traffic, as well as propagating electrical cars. Additionally, Nissan is in works with Tokyo University in developing a joint industry-university research concerning vehicle transport that aims for the symbiosis of urban space and nature. In terms of the evaluation and the release of information concerning this time’s planned items, we are, in cooperation with Tokyo University, also furthering them. Yokohama City is planned to be one of the first markets where Nissan’s electrical vehicles will be supplied, similarly to the various regions throughout the world that have similar partnership agreements with the Renault-Nissan Alliance. Partnership regarding zero-emission mobility From January 2008, aiming for the realistic propagation of electrical vehicles, the Renault-Nissan Alliance concluded on the 40 cases (as of December 2009) of â€Å"Partnership regarding zero-emission mobility† along with governmental sectors, municipal sectors and other sectors. With this, we are working to prepare the social infrastructure such as by installing chargers, as well as taking into consideration benefit measures in times of purchasing the zero-emission vehicles. Through the cooperation with our partners throughout the world, we are contributing to a vehicle society that is both  people-friendly and considerate of the environment. Sky Project In Sky Project, which has been implemented since October 2006 in partnership with non-automobile industries and in cooperation with government agencies, Nissan, with the participation of customers, has been working to reduce the number of traffic accidents and alleviate traffic congestion by using intelligent transportation system (ITS). While providing information to cut the number of encounter head accidents and reduce driving speed in school zones and other areas, we investigate the potentiality for the alleviation of traffic congestion, realized through daily use of ITS, to improve effectiveness of energy use and reduce CO2 emissions. In Beijing, China, we have been implementing Star Wings, a project to develop new transportation information system, in cooperation with Beijing Traffic Information Center (BTIC), in order to alleviate traffic congestion and improve traffic conditions in Beijing and China. Wind power Beginning in 2007, Nissan became an active â€Å"Y-green partner† when it harnessed wind-power for use in its facilities in Japan. The company, through its Yokohma plant facility and the new Global Headquarters, seeks to utilize â€Å"green energy in its facilities and implement local green energy for local consumption. Since November 2005, Nissan Motor Manufacturing Ltd. (UK) has been using a wind-power facility at its Sunderland plant. Addressing the key issues of Nissan Green Program 2010, the company is reducing C02 emissions by utilizing wind derived power in its facilities worldwide. ACCESSIBILITY BUI-2 (Best usability interior-2) BUI-2 (Best Usability Interior-2) is a concept car, whose interior has been created with a focus to â€Å"design the way people feel† so that all the elements can smoothly appeal to people as they engage in cars. For Nissan, three types of design – interface design, colour and material design, and sensitivity quality design – are broadly defined as interaction design. Through various research activities, we are making efforts to realize even more convenient and attractive interior designs. Lifecare vehicles (LVs) Nissan lifecare vehicles (LVs) help bring mobility to the elderly or those with physical disabilities. We regard LVs as an essential part of our line-up of cars rather than specialty vehicles, and we are enhancing the products and services available to them. As of the end of January 2009, in Japan there were 401 certified dealerships with LVs on display and advisory staff with expert knowledge of the vehicles, and a total of 5,520 LV advisors. There are dealerships in every prefecture of the country meeting the needs of customers and offering the chance to test-drive these vehicles. Since 2003, we have also been carrying out an annual campaign of LV trial rides for people who have only limited opportunities to get out and about, so that they too can experience the joy of mobility. COMMUNITY Corporate citizenship activities distinctive of Nissan Nissan endeavours to fulfil its role as a corporate citizen toward the realization of a sustainable society, while providing attractive products and services globally, under the vision of â€Å"enriching people’s lives.† We are thus advancing corporate citizenship activities in fields centered on three priority areas – support for education, environmentally friendliness, and humanitarian assistance – in order to contribute to the sustainability of society. We share our vision globally with Nissan employees around the world and strive to strengthen our relations with local communities by conducting activities responsive to the circumstances and needs of each country and region. Corporate citizenship in education field (Japan) Nissan’s corporate citizenship initiatives have been always focusing on â€Å"Cultivating Future Generation†. In education field, we have many programs such as â€Å"Nissan Children’s Storybook and Picture Book Grand Prix† with its long history, and â€Å"Nissan Joyful Picture Book and Storybook Exhibition†, and in addition, we started the new programs such as â€Å"Nissan Monozukuri Caravan† and â€Å"Nissan Design Waku-Waku Studio†, which utilize Nissan’s strength for those original programs. Organisational culture The diversity of Nissan’s employees is the driving force enabling them to meet the varied needs of their customers and to maintain sustainable growth. The employees create greater value by sharing their knowledge, based on their individual experiences and different ways of thinking, in response to the various challenges they all face. For these reasons, Nissan have made diversity a corporate strategy and strive to create an environment where all their employees—who numbered 169,298 at Nissan and its affiliates as of March 2010—can extend their individual talents to the fullest. SUPPORTING CAREER DESIGN Continually Improving Human-Resource Systems A company’s employees are its most important resource. So that both Nissan and its employees can reach their full potential, they constantly work to improve our human-resource systems. The evaluation-based remuneration system used to accurately gauge employee contributions is structured in a way that motivates them to set and achieve high goals. An employee’s salary is determined through a combination of performance evaluations, which measure how well the employee achieved certain goals (commitments), and competency evaluations, which measure such intangible variables as technical skill, knowledge and attitude. Support for Self-Designed Careers Nissan believes that employees should â€Å"design their own careers† and actively assists their efforts to do so. Employees in Japan meet with their supervisors twice a year to discuss their performance and competency evaluations, as well as to express their ideas on how to proceed in their career path. Employees in Japan also have the chance to take on the challenge of a new position through the Shift Career System (SCS) and the Open Entry System (OES). The SCS enables employees to apply for positions in other departments and work areas that interest them regardless of whether there is a position immediately available. The OES allows them to apply for all openly advertised positions. Around 250 employees applied for approximately 100 open posts during fiscal 2009, and roughly 80 of them were successful in getting the positions they applied for. Fostering Specialized Skills Helping employees develop specialized skills over the medium to long term is vital for a company to achieve sustainable growth. They introduced the Nissan Expert Leader System as a means of strengthening and fostering further development of specialized skills in a wide range of technical and nontechnical areas like purchasing and accounting. In fiscal 2009, the system’s fourth year, they focused on 91 fields of specialization, designating 42 employees as Expert Leaders and 2 management-level employees as Nissan Fellows. The Expert Leaders and Fellows make use of their specialized knowledge to contribute to Nissan’s business endeavours overall. In addition to sharing their knowledge with others via our corporate intranet and other communication tools, they contribute to the fostering of the next generation of experts by passing on their specialized skills in seminars and training courses. CREATING A CULTURE FOR LEARNING A Variety of Learning Opportunities As an organization that continues to grow through constant learning, Nissan supports employees’ personal growth with a proactive, systematic approach to human-resource development. The act of learning is one in which people stretch themselves to develop skills that create value. They believe that a corporate culture of learning cannot exist without the motivation to take part in this value creation. The Learning Navigation system on their intranet is one means of providing employees with opportunities for learning. This system lets employees search for information whenever they wish to develop specialized skills, receive training in management techniques, participate in e-learning programs or take distance-learning courses. The site is updated regularly to provide information our employees need to increase their skills and build their careers, meeting their growing thirst for knowledge. Management Institute The Nissan Learning Center Management Institute in Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, was established with the aim of cultivating human resources with  the specialized skills and leadership qualities needed for future development. The institute contributes to the ongoing creation of Nissan value through a number of programs, including human-resource development seminars, which provide leadership training to pass on the company’s accumulated experience and knowledge to the next generation; cultural diversity workshops; and our Consortium Program, in which they invite other global companies to take part in cross-industry exchange. Moreover, the leaders of our business activities around the world who have taken part in such programs as our Nissan Way Workshops are now active in educating fellow employees in the Nissan Way—the crystallization of experience and knowledge gained through our company’s revival—demonstrating our commitment to promoting a corporate cult ure of learning. Global Training Centers With the globalization of production systems, manufacturers must ensure that all of their manufacturing sites maintain consistent standards of quality. Nissan established Global Training Centers (GTCs) at its Oppama and Yokohama Plants in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, and at its Sunderland Plant in the United Kingdom to educate trainers who share their knowledge at Nissan plants around the world. Trainees selected from among all employees at Nissan’s production facilities worldwide are brought to the GTCs to take part in the company’s Master Trainer Program. Upon finishing the program they are certified as Master Trainers and charged with instructing other employees at Regional Training Centers using a globally standardized curriculum and materials. As of the end of March 2010, 466 Master Trainers were hard at work passing on their technical skills to local employees at Nissan plants worldwide. Nissan’s accumulated know-how has been put into audio-visual form as an educational tool, available in five different languages, for global-standards training at GTCs. They also conduct â€Å"Nissan DNA† training seminars for all management-level employees at our production sites, working to strengthen skills that contribute to improved quality and lower costs and to foster the human resources that can carry out more efficient management of production operations. INTERNAL COMMUNICATION Employee Surveys Nissan carries out surveys to get employee input and suggestions for improvements, using the results to help improve the company’s management quality and employee motivation. From the results of these surveys, they identify the strengths of the company as a whole and those of individual divisions, as well as areas for improvement. They then work to make improvements that will lead to the creation of a better work environment for our employees and to continued growth for the company. The results of these efforts are analyzed for the company as a whole and for each region and department. Based on these analyses, each level of management formulates and carries out action plans tailored to specific needs. Enhancing Communication Tools Nissan introduced a corporate intranet system called WIN (Workforce Integration @ Nissan) in 2005 as a tool to promote communication and information sharing. Since then they have continued to update the system with new technologies while encouraging employees to make active use of this tool for internal communication and collaborative activities. They have expanded the WIN network beyond Japan, North America and Europe to include other markets and our major business partners. They also use internal newsletters and in-house video broadcasts to provide a variety of information to be shared by all employees at Nissan production sites around the world with no difference in time. Employee-Executive Exchange Nissan holds opinion-exchange meetings involving executives and employees as a means of building trust through clear communication between these two groups, as well as among employees themselves. These meetings, held at Nissan’s corporate headquarters in Japan as well as the company’s business offices in China, North America and other parts of the world, give executives a venue for informing employees of the current situation of the company and delivering management messages. They also provide employees with opportunities to ask questions and voice their concerns in a direct and open manner. They plan to continue these meetings as an important channel for active communication. Ethical Issues Global Educational Activities to Promote Compliance As a means of fostering compliance awareness throughout the company, Nissan has established groups and placed officers in charge of promoting compliance policy in each region where it operates. We place special emphasis on education to ensure that all employees have a correct understanding of the Code of Conduct and, as a result, make fair, transparent judgments in the course of their duties. To ensure full understanding of the code in Japan, all employees, including executives, take an elearning or video training course based on the Japanese version of the Nissan Code of Conduct—â€Å"Our Promises,† instituted in April 2004—after which they sign an agreement to abide by it. The revised parts of the code in fiscal 2010 were in response to legal amendments and retained all employees since fiscal 2010 to further strengthen the spirit of compliance within the company. Education programs to promote compliance are held regularly for all employees in North America, and a set of universal guidelines has been drawn up for each country in Europe. Compliance-related training is also being carried out in the General Overseas Markets based on guidelines that take into account conditions in each of those countries. Moreover, all group-affiliated companies have introduced their own codes based on the Nissan Code of Conduct. Additionally, they have created sets of internal regulations covering the global prevention of insider trading and the management of personal information. Nissan seeks to heighten awareness of compliance companywide through such measures as well as various education and training programs. Our Stance against Discrimination and Harassment Item 6 of Nissan’s Global Code of Conduct, â€Å"Value Diversity and Provide Equal Opportunity,† is our requirement to accept value and respect the diversity  to be found among our employees, business partners, customers and communities where we do business, and to reject discrimination and harassment in all their forms, no matter how minor they may be. Nissan executives and employees must respect the human rights of others, and may not discriminate against nor harass others based on race, nationality, gender, religion, physical capability, age, and place of origin or other reason; nor may they allow such a situation to go unchecked if discovered. We also work to ensure that all employees, both male and female, can work in an environment free from sexual and other forms of harassment. PEST analysis PEST analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The use of PEST analysis can be seen effective for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. PEST also ensures that company’s performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment. PEST is useful when a company decides to enter its business operation into new markets and new countries. The use of PEST, in this case helps to break free of unconscious assumptions, and help to effectively adapt to the realities of the new environment. Looking at the current condition of Japan, it is difficult to mention anything about its political, economical, technological or sociocultural since there is no stability in the country at the moment, due to the natural disaster crises they are facing. SWOT Analysis Strength: 1) Global Brand: According to business Week Global Brand Scorecard Nissan is the fastest growing automotive brand. Nissan’s brand equity was valued at $3,108 million in 2006. Some of the company’s passenger car models include Maxima, Sentra, Altima, Versa, Z Roadstar and Z Coupe. Some of its truck models are Quest, Armada, Pathfinder, Murand and Xterra. Brand strength provides competitive advantage that can offset the increasing competition. Over the last five years company has establish the global brand by focusing on the brand pyramid and dynamics that caters the silky design, the vibrant experience, the interplay between serenity and driving pleasure has reached a high level of alignment and consistency. That makes it easier to communicate about the brand and specific features of its model. 2) Renault-Nissan Alliance: The alliance has provided advantages to both companies. They can move into new markets faster and with lower costs because they don’t have to build new plants. (Renault builds cars in Nissan’s Mexico plants and Nissan uses Renault’s Brazil plant and distribution networks) The companies are collaborating on building common platforms, components and engines, and each company leads engine design in their area of expertise–Renault in diesel and Nissan in gasoline. And they have increased purchasing power because they buy components for six million cars not three as will be in the case of Nissan alone. The alliance has so far boosted the profitability, market capitalization and sales in 192 countries for both partners. CEO and president of Renault to his titles in 2005, says he’ll rely on the strengths of two distinct work forces: French innovation in concept stages and Japanese dedication to process in manufacturing. 3) Most fuel efficient car: Nissan is known to make the most fuel efficient cars over the years and this has become one of its major strengths in the competitive market. Due to its fuel efficient car, the demand for them has also increased over the past few years. Weakness: 1) Product Innovation time lag: Nissan launched two new or redesigned vehicles, in comparison to 14 in the three previous years. Nissan has misjudged its model strategy in the United States over the past few years. Like the other Japanese automakers, the company was a relative late-comer to the country’s high-profit margin and high-volume pick-up markets. Nissan’s late entry meant that it has suffered from the decline in the sector as a result of rising fuel prices in Japan, While Toyota and Nissan have been well placed to benefit from a shift in emphasis in Japan market towards compact sales as a result of the Scion and Civic models respectively, Nissan at the moment has no competitive offering in this segment. However, there  are a number of new models that should reinvigorate the company’s fortunes in the United States, including the Sentra and Altima mid-size sedans, as well as its luxury-brand Infiniti G35 sedan. The company also desperately needs new offe ring in key segments in the European market. The Almera C-segment hatchback and Primera D-segment sedan are hopelessly outmoded and largely ignored by European buyers, although the new Note small multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) should provide Nissan with a sales success in Europe. 2) Lack of Diesel Technology: In the Japanese market, diesel accounts for only 0.4% of vehicles sold (Rowley, 2006). In contrast, diesel is very popular and its share in overall sales has been increasing. In the year ending 1st January 2006 the number of diesel cars sold increased by 7.5%. Some analysts believe that the diesel market will account for more than 80% of total vehicle sales in Europe by the end of 2008. Diesel technology has been improving significantly over the past decade reducing emissions, fuel consumption and cost. As Nissan’s home country has a low demand for diesel engines, Nissan lacks the technology and experience to produce diesel engines of comparative quality. Opportunity: 1) Asia market: Lower penetration coupled with strong rise in income levels, led to continuous jumps in car sales in markets like china and India. In fact china, followed by India is estimated to be major growth driver in the next decade. Hence it is necessary for global player to be present in these countries. Therefore all global players either have products for these markets or planning to develop products to enter into these markets. In India in year 2004-05 domestic sales of car and utility vehicles has crossed the 1 million mark. 2) Relocate its manufacturing unit to reduce cost: The Japanese car maker has stepped up their policy of producing where demand exists. Car making is an industry situated at a forefront of globalization and major player is accelerating their cross border activities. Manufacturing units in America and Europe have huge capacities in line with their vast domestic automobile  output. While this offered them the benefits of scale, the continuous sluggish growth in their local market and their inflationary increase in production cost, especially wage cost. Adoption of cost reduction measure became imperative for players to survive. China, India and Thailand have been regarded as the Low Cost Production bases with their unique offering to the outsourcers. Low cost country will provide them the global clientele and technology and also have synergetic operation. Area of opportunity for India lies in the products which have high level of design and engineering requirements, low level of auto mation and significant assembly requirement. 3) Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organization (RNPO): The RNPO, which was established in 2001 in the early stages of the alliance, was one of the key ways in which Renault-Nissan would combine their resources to create a more efficient organization. Currently Nissan and Renault share 60% of the same part and raw material suppliers. This has led Nissan to achieve greater purchasing power and has served to reduce costs and reduce the bargaining power of suppliers. There still remains significant opportunity through the RNPO to decrease costs and provide increased competitive advantage. Threats: 1) Cross-Cultural Disharmony: As Nissan and Renault become further integrated with one another, the risk of cross-cultural disharmony increases. If disharmony occurs then, as occurred at DaimlerChrysler, overall company performance may be reduced and the current strengths that the Alliance provides may become instabilities. Nissan is currently working to reduce the likelihood through its ‘Business Way’ program but corporate and national culture takes a long time to change. 2) Rising Commodity Prices: Due to the economic expansion of China, changes in commodity prices could affect the costs incurred by Nissan. Over the past 12 months, the price of steel used in car production has risen by nearly 30% (London Metal Exchange, 2006). Nissan has taken steps to reduce the effect of rising steel prices; in 2000, Nissan began using hot dip zinc coated steel and converted to less expensive steel in 2002, which saved about $16 million per year (Nissan Motor Co., 2004). This however, has done little to  reduce the upward pressure on vehicle costs and prices. As this increase in cost has been passed on to the consumer, demand for new vehicles has reduced. This threatens Nissan’s viability in the region. 3) Market saturation: With overall industry sales number stagnant, if not declining in key economies term, the overall automobile industry has been significantly impacted. Due to overall market saturation, the individual company new product development strategy towards market expansion is changing from iterative year on year model changes to drastic innovation. The emergence of SUV market few years back is an evidence of how product and market innovation has changed the very composition of US auto market. Marketing Strategies TARGET MARKET Nissan’s target market will be the low-level income group and middle class. Whereas Infiniti’s target market is people looking for luxury, great driving experience with unparallel appeal. With constant awareness and education about Nissan affordability and safety features, different type of group could be acquired resulting in increase of brand loyal consumers. People are more aware and therefore, they are constantly more particular when deciding which car to purchase. With strategic advertisement, consumers can be attracted with its latest features and a new image Nissan will provide to owners. NISSAN TARGET MARKET: GEOGRAPHIC SEGMENT The major concern of Nissan is to capture all the district headquarters of the country resulting in its coverage of almost all over the country. NISSAN TARGET MARKET: PSYCHOGRAPHICS With new image Nissan will provide to its buyers, owners will feel more confident and proud considering that Nissan is an international organization with strong background resulting driving Nissan a status symbol. Also safety and comfort are big factors of considerations in a consumers mind so Nissan by focusing on these factors will attract safety and comfort conscious people. Seeing its potential, consumers will most likely shift to Nissan. NISSAN TARGET MARKET: DEMOGRAPHICS Primary Target market belongs to middle class, upper middle class and low earning income people in society, falling in income bracket of below $ 2500. Also the target will be people from 25 – 60year old who are major automobile buyers. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES Basically there are two types of distribution channels available: Direct distribution and In-direct distribution PROMOTION STRATEGIES Promotion is one of the most important factors of marketing; it is done to affect the consumer behaviour in order to achieve sales and increase product image. In promotion the major task is to make consumers aware of the product and to attract consumer towards the product by highlighting the advantages of the product. Also it keeps consumers aware and well informed about product’s features and improvements. ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH An extensive market research will be conducted to have better idea about consumers’ perception about Nissan and its competitors. For this purpose Nissan will acquire services of marketing and research agencies to better analyze market environment. This will enable Nissan to learn about the consumers’ behaviour, how they perceive us and compare with the competitor. The media of the advertising a product is always chosen after the market environment research to get knowledge that if the target audience is interested in that mode of advertisement or not. ADVERTISING To advertise the product better and create awareness about product; Nissan will use different advertisement methods to approach the consumers. The diversity of advertisement channels will help in reaching the masses of different mindsets. Following Advertisement methods will be used: †¢ Nisan will use print and electronic media to introduce the product to consumers. †¢ Special events will be sponsored by Nissan. †¢ Use of Billboards, flex signs etc for massive introduction of car’s launch. †¢ Special road shows and displays will be set at dealers outlets. †¢ Prize contest will be conducted to attract people towards the car. Financial Review Net sales For fiscal year 2009, consolidated net revenues decreased 10.9%, to  ¥7.517 trillion, which reflected the strong yen offsetting the increase in sales volume. Operating profit Consolidated operating profit totalled  ¥311.6 billion, compared to a negative  ¥137.9 billion in fiscal year 2008. Net income Net non-operating expenses increased  ¥69.1 billion to  ¥103.9 billion from  ¥34.8 billion in fiscal 2008. Net income reached  ¥42.4 billion, an increase of  ¥276.1 billion from fiscal year 2008. Major competitors In Asia the 3 big of the automobile industry is Nissan, Toyota and Honda. But Nissan Motors major competitor is Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota, much larger than Nissan and possessing deeper financial pockets, was better positioned to sustain the losses incurred from the global economic downturn. Consequently, Nissan entered its ninth decade of operation facing formidable obstacles. The first financial decline came in 1991, when the company’s consolidated operating profit plummeted 64.3 percent to  ¥125 billion (US$886 million). Six months later, Nissan registered its first pretax loss since becoming a publicly traded company in 1951– ¥14.2 billion during the first half of 1992. The losses mounted in the next two years, growing to  ¥108.1 billion in 1993 and  ¥202.4 billion by 1994, or nearly US$2 billion. To arrest the precipitous drop in company profits, Nissan’s management introduced various cost-cutting measures–such as reducing its materials and manufacturing costs–which saved the company roughly US$1.5 billion in 1993, with an additional US$1.2 billion savings realized in 1994. Nissan also became the first Japanese company to close a plant in Japan since World War II and cut nearly 12,000 workers in Japan, Spain, and the United States from its payroll. Nissan also was staggering under a debt load that reached as high as US$32 billion and threatened to bankrupt the company. Only intervention from Nissan’s lead lender, Industrial Bank of Japan, kept the company afloat. There were some positive signs in the early 1990s to inspire hope for the future. Nissan’s 1993 sales increased nearly 20 percent, vaulting the car maker past Honda Motor Co., Ltd. to reclaim the number two ranking in import sales to the all-important U.S. market. Much of this gain was attributable to robust sales of the Nissan Altima, a replacement for its Stanza model, which was introduced in 1992 and marketed in the United States as a small luxury sedan priced under $13,000. To the joy of Nissan’s management, however, the Altima typically was purchased with various options added on, giving the company an additional $2,000 to $3,000  per car. Nissan also was encouraged by strong sales of its Quest minivan, which was introduced in the United States in 1992 and had been developed jointly with Ford Motor, which marketed its own version, the Ford Windstar. Nissan’s losses continued through the fiscal year ending in March 1996, cumulating to US$3.2 billion over a four-year span. The company’s return to profitability in fiscal 1997 came about in part because of the cost-cutting program and in part from the yen’s dramatic depreciation against the dollar. Despite the return to the black, Nissan remained a troubled company. From its 1972 peak of 34 percent, the company’s share of the Japanese auto market had fallen to 20 percent by early 1997. Competition from the more financially stable Toyota and Honda played a factor in this decline, but Nissan also hurt itself by failing to keep pace with changing consumer tastes both in Japan and in overseas markets. For example, Nissan was behind its rivals in adding minivans and sport utility vehicles to its product line-up, having for years dismissed these sectors as passing fads. Meanwhile, minivans, sport utility vehicles, and station wagons accounted for half of all passenger car sales in Japan by early 1997, up from just more than ten percent in 1990. In the U.S. market, the Altima lost ground to two midsized rivals, the Honda Accord and the Toyota Camry, because Nissan’s model was smaller and thus less desirable. In the luxury car sector, Toyota’s Lexus line became the hot brand in the United States, triumphing over the Infiniti. Because of these and other factors, Nissan returned to the red for fiscal years 1998 and 1999. Although the losses were not as large as earlier in the decade, the company’s continued sky-high debt load–which stood at US$19.7 billion in late 1998–did not bode well for Nissan’s future. Business Strategies, Keeping Competitive Edge 1) Product Strategy To secure our profitability and sustainable growth based on our future product line up plan, in our product strategy developing process, we are monitoring the impacts of some different types of risk scenarios such as global market changes and demand deteriorations to our future profitability (COP) based on our plan. 1. Drastic decline of total global demand, past examples as reference case. 2. A demand shift between vehicle segments drastically faster than our assumptions in our mid-term planning. 3. A demand shift from the matured markets to the emerging markets drastically faster than our assumptions in our mid-term planning. We periodically monitor the impact of these scenarios to secure our future profitability and sustainable growth, and also update our future line-up plans periodically based on the results. To improve the robustness of our product line up against these risks, we take following countermeasures as our main direction when planning our product strategy. Expand availability of individual products across markets to mitigate the risk of single market demand fluctuations. Increase volume and efficiency per product through a consolidation and rationalization of the portfolio to lower the breakeven point and thereby reduce the profit risk of global Total Industry Volume declines. Prepare a more balanced product portfolio meeting needs in a broader range of markets and segments reducing reliance on specific large markets. 2) Quality of Products & Services Nissan is working on the corporate task named â€Å"Quality Leadership† which aims for achieving top level quality by FY2012. In this project, actions are carried out with numerical targets for following 4 areas. 1. Perceived quality & attractiveness: Customers’ impression on vehicle’s quality when customer looks it at a dealer’s show room 2. Product quality: Quality of product itself based on the experiences as an owner of the vehicle 3. Sales & service quality: Quality related to behaviour or attitude of sales staff or quality of service when inspection and maintenance 4. Quality of management: internal management quality to improve employees’ motivation which supports above 3 qualities For example, target of â€Å"Product quality† is to become top level at Most Influential Indicator (MII) of each region. In order to achieve the target, it is broken down to internal indicators by model which correlate with MII. Progress of all quality improvement activities are monitored with those  internal indicators. All the actions are taken based on rotating PDCA cycle, such as, the progress of activities are monthly reviewed by â€Å"Quality Committee† chaired by EVP and necessary actions are decided. Total picture of â€Å"Quality Leadership† on global base is monitored and discussed at the Global Quality Meeting chaired by COO annually. 2 years passed since this project started and it is going well. We are confident that we can achieve the target by FY2012. With respect to new model project, in order to achieve the quality target of each project, milestone meetings set at each key process of design, preparation for production and production, confirm key check points, such as achievement of quality targets, adoption of measures to prevent recurrence of past problem, adoption of measures for potential risks related to new technology / new mechanism / design change. Commercial production can be started after confirmation at â€Å"SOP (Start of Production) Judgment Meeting†, which confirms all issues are solved and quality target can be achieved. Final decision that the model can be sold is made at â€Å"Delivery Judgment Meeting†, after confirmation of quality of commercial production and preparedness for service / maintenance. As described above, Nissan is implementing thorough quality check before new model launch. Nissan is progressing quality improvement activities also after launch by gathering quality information from markets and prompt deployment of countermeasures. In case of occurrence of safety or compliance issues, necessary actions such as recall are implemented with close cooperation with market side team based on the decision by independent process from management. Occurred incidents are deeply investigated, analyzed and feed backed to models on the way of production or development for prevention of recurrence In addition to above described activities, such as quality assurance at new model project and quality improvement activities on daily basis, the â€Å"Quality Risk Management† framework has been newly developed from FY2009.  This is the high level system to ensure successful quality management for on-going and future projects. This includes assessment of quality related risks, evaluation of risk level, assignment of responsible person based on the level and to clarify organization for follow up. These processes are implemented at â€Å"Quality Risk Management Committee† chaired by EVP twice a year. 3) Compliance and Reputation As described above, Nissan produced the Nissan Global Code of Conduct for all employees of the Nissan group worldwide. To ensure thorough understanding of the code, training and education program such as e-learning is improved and compliant situation is monitored by Global Compliance Committee. Nissan has also adopted the internal whistle blowing system (Easy Voice System). This allows any employees to submit opinions, questions, requests or suspected compliance issue directly to Nissan’s management. Additionally, Nissan created sets of internal regulations covering the Global Prevention of Insider Trading and the management of personal information. Nissan keeps effort to prevent reputation risk to the company by continuous implementation of such measures as various education and training programs. Conclusion As the automobile industry is booming, It is necessary to keep up with the competition. The only way to compete with the competitors is to come out with innovative technology, fuel efficient cars, and luxury looking yet affordable cars. Nissan has not only concentrated on making cars but also provided their support to various stakeholders. Its working has benefited the environment by taking many environmental initiatives such as starting the Nissan Green Program 2010. The company also has worked towards effectively and efficiently developing their employees in terms of specialisation, or giving them a work-life balance. In line with its vision of Enriching People’s Lives, Nissan’s desire is to provide attractive products and services to customers worldwide while at the same time fulfilling its responsibility as a corporate citizen to help realize a sustainable society.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

The essay intends to provide clear and descriptive information based on social representation, culture and reflections in the audiences daily activities. The WritePass Journal

The essay intends to provide clear and descriptive information based on social representation, culture and reflections in the audiences daily activities. Introduction The essay intends to provide clear and descriptive information based on social representation, culture and reflections in the audiences daily activities. Introduction The content of the essay intends to provide clear and descriptive information based on social representation, culture and reflections in the audiences daily activities. The content focuses on argument that states as follows: are media texts socially constructed and not necessarily ‘true’ reflections of reality. Generally, we (the audience) live lives which are which are already paved, the media or the media texts that the audiences consume determine what the audiences do daily, what they eat, dress, drive, influences their profession, in short the media texts declares the lifestyles of the audiences. In argument to the above underlined statement, one has to provide certain descriptions that will unpack the argument further; there are several meanings of representation, culture and reflection. In general terms, or briefly, representation refers to the production of meaning through language. That is not the only meaning to representation, the other meanings from the Oxford English Dictionary are as follows: â€Å"To represent is to depict, to call it up in the mind by description or portrayal or imagination; to place a likeliness of it before us in our mind or in the senses.† The second description is: â€Å"To represent also means to symbolize, stand for, to be a specimen of, or to substitute for; as in the sentence, ‘In Christianity, the cross represents the suffering and crucifixion of Christ.’ The following description should be of culture and what it entails, ‘culture refers to the widely distributed forms of popular music, publishing art, design and literature, or the activities of leisure-time and entertainment, which make up the everyday lives of the majority of ‘ordinary people’ (Hall, 1997). From these descriptions one can tell that representation connects meaning and language to culture, to elaborate further, one common sense usage of the term is as follows: ‘Representation means using language to say something meaningful about, or to represent, the world meaningfully, to other people’ (du Gay, Hall et al. 1997). ‘Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture, representation does involve the use of signs and images which stand for or represent things’ (du Gay, Hall et al. 1997). The above information on representation does to some extent argue that media texts are socially constructed and are not necessarily ‘true’ reflections of reality. Generally, ‘reality is what most people assume exists independently of any concept or representation’ (Grossberg, 1998). According to Grossberg (1998), ‘news is a reality and nothing else.’ Reality is a product of cultural codes, that is, our social environment presents us with a collection of material facts which we can accurately perceive. Again, â€Å"reality is always represented; representation involves the construction of reality. Reality requires interpretations and all texts, however ‘realistic’ they may seem to be, are constructed representations rather than simply transparent ‘reflections’, recordings, transcriptions or reproductions of a pre existing reality† (Alvarado et al. 1987: 153). Representation contains of three theories, they are the reflective approach that states: â€Å"meaning is thought to lie in the object, person, idea or event in the real world, and language functions like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning as it already exists in the world† (Hall, 1997). ‘A two dimensional visual image of a rose is a sign-it should not be confused with the real plant with thorns and blooms growing in the garden’ (Hall, 1997). One cannot speak or think or draw with an actual rose. And if someone says that there is no such word as ‘rose’ for a plant in her culture, the actual plant in the garden cannot resolve the failure of communication between two people. The second approach is the intentional approach, this approach states that: â€Å"It is the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning to the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean† (Hall, 1997). And the third approach is that of the constructionist approach, and it is as follows: â€Å"Nothing or no one can fix meaning in a language, things do not mean, we construct meaning using representational systems, concepts and signs† (Hall, 1997). For argumentation’s sake, take the example of the President of the African National Congress Youth League, Julius Malema. Now Julius Malema is represented as this black, stupid, idiotic, uneducated, trouble causing person from the rural of Limpopo who was lucky enough to squeeze himself into politics and is now successful. Yes the ANC Youth League president can sometimes act foolish in front of the nation, he can be disobedient and disrespect the State President Mr. Jacob Zuma, he can cause chaos, but he is human too and bound to do good things too. He is probably a good child to his parents and probably supportive to his family and maybe he does give back to his community back in Limpopo and he even supported Caster Semenya when she was deprived her gold medal due to allegations of her being hermaphrodite, now what do media texts say about this? If media texts were of ‘true’ reflection, the world would know the good and bad things that Julius Malema does, but bec ause what the audiences see are representations, this is why the texts only produce cynical things about Julius Malema because media texts are socially constructed, and mostly with lies because they sell. Prior to Julius Malema’s unfair representations, are representations of the South African President, Mr. Jacob Zuma. One believes that the cartoon images presented by Zapiro are true reflections of the President, this is said because as the president, Mr. Jacob Zuma confirmed the laws and they protect him more so, he can get away with everything and still be represented as a good person. Now there have been many instances regarding the President, that of having sex with some young girl or should one say (the rape he committed) which he was never prosecuted for due to the belief that he did not do it but it is the young girl who fully agreed and the involvement of arms deal with Schabir Shaik who is now scot-free from prison because he was\still is the President’s friend. The President was not prosecuted for these allegations just because he is the President and that what would people say, how would his fellow peers (other Presidents) think of him and nations say when th ey hear that the South African President was prosecuted for raping a young girl, that he was involved in an illegal arms deal and that he has been awarded the order of the bath?   After committing all these acts, he still gets good representations whereas some people committed only a few acts but receive cynical representations. A focus on images also allows us to connect our discussion with postmodernist writers who play off the two meanings of the word. Images are, on the one hand, reproductions, but they have a second meaning as well: a mental picture of something not real or present. Baudrillard (1988) argues that dramatic changes in the technology of reproduction have led to the implosion of representation and reality. Increasingly, the former becomes dominant as simulacra are substituted for a reality that has no foundation in experience. Conscious design to persuade is largely irrelevant for our purposes. We assume that a wide variety of media messages can act as teachers of values, ideologies. And beliefs and that they can provide images for interpreting the world whether or not the designers are conscious of this intent. An advertisement; for example, may be intended merely to sell cigarettes to women, but incidentally it may encode a message about gender relations and what it means to be a woman. I n talking about those who decode such messages, we use the term reader rather than audience. As Fiske (1987) suggests, the latter term implies that television reaches a homogeneous mass of people who are all essentially identical, who receive the same messages, meanings, and ideologies from the same programs and who are essentially passive. By readers, we mean those who read or decode sights and sounds as well as printed text. Reading media imagery is an active process in which context, social location, and prior experience can lead to quite different decodings. Furthermore, it is frequently interactive, taking place in conversation with other readers who may see different meanings. If all we have learned is that reality construction takes place in a commercialized space that promotes a generalized feel good about capitalism, this does not take us very far. It leaves open a bewildering array of messages that are produced in many voices and many modes and that can be read in many different ways. Whatever we can learn from reality construction by examining the production process, it leaves a great deal open and undetermined. The media images produced by the process can be treated as texts that take many forms-visual imagery, sound, and language. The difficulties of tracking the messages in these texts are compounded by the problem of layers of meaning. Some part of the meaning is naturalized-that is, it comes to us in the form of taken-for-granted assumptions (Fiske, 1987). One cannot take texts at face value since they contain subtexts; a whole set of texts may have an even more invisible metamessage. Many different disciplines take on this daunting task of decoding media texts. Typically, researchers carve out some particular domain of discourse on which to focus their attention-for example, race, class, or gender relations, or policy domains such as health, housing, energy, and the like. The research is some form of text or discourse analysis with different disciplines emphasizing different techniques. No short review could hope to do justice to the thousands of insightful analyses of media imagery. We confine our attention to three issues with particular relevance for political consciousness: (a) issues raised by the concept of hegemony, (b) framing and frame transformation, and (c) the fragmentation effect (Fiske, 1987). In short, one can conclude by saying that the argument holds true to the fact that what we are being presented with by the media texts is complete representation of past and present events of the world. The media texts only serve to inform us what the journalist or the proprietor wants us to know and nothing more. Only the powerful control what readers should know and what they should not. BIBLIOGRAPHY Baudrillard, J. (1988). Selected Writings,(ed). Mark Poster. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press. Fiske, J. 1987. Television Culture. London New York: Routledge Gamson, W. (1992). Media discourse as a symbolic contest: The bomb in political cartoons. Soc. Forum Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. (Ed. Q. Hoare, G. N. Smith).New York: Int. Publications. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications: Open University.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Essay Example

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Essay Example Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Essay Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Essay A minimal pay is the lowest hourly. day-to-day. or monthly pay that employers may lawfully pay to employees or workers. The argument over minimal pay in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 old ages. It is a hot subject in labour. human involvement. and particularly in economic sciences. Is the minimal pay excessively low? Is it excessively high? Should we hold one at all? Does holding a minimal legal pay aid those who it is intended to assist. or does it really do them worse off? Thesiss inquiries are asked on a day-to-day footing by interested parties. While there may non be one unequivocal correct reply. there are obliging statements on both sides of the issue. and those who represent their â€Å"side† are passionate about their sentiments. This is one of a few societal subjects about which people are by and large non apathetic. Much of the grownup work force in the United States has worked a minimal pay occupation at some point in their calling. so we can easy associate to the challenges that face today’s minimal pay workers. This paper is non intended to work out the argument over minimal pay. nor will it try to carry the reader in one way or the other sing what should be done refering minimal pay. The pages that follow will show a brief history of the minimal pay argument in the United States. and so show some of the statements offered by both sides of the argument. A Brief History of Minimum Wage Although New Zealand was the first state to officially ordain minimal pay statute law in 1896. [ one ] the United States was one of the first major industrialized states to put a national pay floor for their workers. For decennaries during the industrial revolution. workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours. unsafe working conditions. and low rewards. Small motions to develop a national lower limit pay by labour brotherhoods and militant groups were met with predictable opposition from concern people. and finally struck down by the U. S. Supreme Court. [ two ] Finally. in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to relieve some of the hapless on the job conditions that largely adult females and immature kids were capable to. Additionally. this act imposed a federally mandated minimal pay of $ 0. 25 per hr. with some exclusions. [ three ] There have been subsequent pieces of statute law that continue to turn to and better workers’ rights since that clip. concentrating more on quality of life issues instead than extinguishing maltreatments by employers. Additionally. single provinces now have the right to ordain their ain minimal pay. so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimal pay. Since 1938. the national lower limit pay has been raised 21 times. most late in 2009. and is presently $ 7. 25 per hr. Today. more than 90 % of states in the universe have some kind of pay floor for their work force. [ four ] The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favour of a minimal pay argue that it increases the criterion of life of workers and reduces poorness. [ 5 ] Those workers that are paid minimal pay are unskilled labourers. possibly first come ining the occupation market. Without any marketable accomplishments. the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a just rate that will enable them to be self-sufficing until such clip that they have learned a accomplishment or trade that will let them to work their manner up from the low pay occupations. Without a minimal pay. employers would hold significantly more market power than the workers – a monopsony – and that could ensue in the knowing collusion between employers sing the pay they will offer. [ six ] Absent this protection. workers would be forced to accept the unnaturally low rewards. ensuing in a really low quality of life. Additionally. the statement can be made that paying a â€Å"livable† minimal pay incentivizes workers to non merely acquire a occupation. but to work hard to maintain that occupation. When minimal rewards are significantly greater than payments received through a societal public assistance system. people are rewarded for their difficult work. If a individual could have an sum near to what they would gain at lower limit pay through the public assistance system. what motive would they hold to work the minimal pay occupation? In contrast. if workers are paid an sum that is well more. they will happen and maintain work. This serves another intent. to diminish the cost of authorities administered societal public assistance plans by acquiring people off of public assistance and onto paysheets. Another common statement made by those in favour of the minimal pay is that it really helps to excite disbursement. bettering overall economic conditions. [ seven ] The theory behind this statement is that low pay earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury points. minimal pay earners are likely to pass their full payroll check. If there were an addition in the minimal pay. the people who would have the wage addition would turn around and pass their new money. This would assist to cover the costs of the increased rewards as many concerns would see an about immediate return through increased gross revenues. While this statement seems to do sense. it must be clarified that no empirical grounds to back up this claim could be found. Another statement made is that an addition in minimal pay helps to better the work moral principle of those who receive the addition. The deduction is that if their employer is forced to give them a rise. they will be compelled to work harder to better their efficiency and increase their productiveness in return. Again. there is no grounds to either support or refute this claim. and sentiments run strong sing this statement. Possibly the most basic and most frequently made statement in support of a national lower limit pay jurisprudence is that it is merely the right thing to make. morally talking. The thought that we should desire to take attention of each other and do certain that everyone made a comfy pay is one of the most basic dogmas of the doctrine of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws: On the other side of the statement are those who are opposed to increasing the lower limit pay. every bit good as some who think it should be abolished wholly. Many business people and economic experts are on this side of the argument. and they present some reasonably compelling statements. They argue that enforcing an addition on the federally mandated minimal pay really will make more economic injury than good. [ eight ] The chief statement trades with the snap of demand sing employment. A minimal pay addition really reduces the measure demanded of workers. either through a decrease in the figure of hours worked by persons. or through a decrease in the figure of occupations. nine ] Simply put. employers are likely non traveling to increase their salary budget. so if the hourly rewards addition. so they must cut down the figure of hours of work that they are paying for. This could ensue in the exact opposite impact of that which is intended. Those gaining the minimal pay and are confronting decreased hours or even being let travel will happen themselves much worse off as a consequence of an addition than go forthing it at its current rate. Additionally. frequently the manner out of gaining minimal pay is through accomplishments learned through those minimal pay occupations. If there are fewer of these occupations as a consequence of the pay being higher. fewer people will be able to larn the accomplishments needed to travel up on a calling way and interrupt the rhythm of poorness. Second. if employers are unwilling or unable to cut down the figure of hours they pay their employees. they will merely try to do up the increased salary disbursal through increased monetary values. On a little graduated table. this may non hold a big impact on the overall economic system. When this is done on a big graduated table because many employers need to cover their increased costs. this is likely to take to rising prices. x ] Higher wages necessitate higher monetary values which will gnaw most if non all of the benefits of the addition in wage. The minimal pay workers will hold the same purchasing power as earlier. but because of unneeded rising prices. the lower in-between category will really confront the biggest impact because their rewards will non hold increased but their buying power will besides hold eroded. Another country that may be impacted by a mandated pay addition is developing. As most workers who earn the lower limit pay typically have small instruction and preparation. their biggest opportunity to work their manner into a higher paying occupation is through on the occupation preparation. One portion of an employer’s budget that could confront cuts would be for supplying preparation to employees. Often employers provide developing to their employees that would assist them progress in their calling. but may non be wholly necessary in their current place. Unnecessary disbursals such as this will most probably be trimmed. ensuing in fewer chances for the on the job hapless. [ eleven ] Possibly the simplest statement is if a minimal pay worker is bring forthing $ 4. 00 per hr worth of merchandise. and so the federal lower limit pay is raised to $ 5. 0. the employer must happen a manner to increase the workers fringy productiveness or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One concluding idea from oppositions is that one time all of the aforesaid statements are considered. there are more effectual ways of assisting turn to the issue of poorness. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong illustration of one of the more effectual thoughts. instead than seting the load of poorness on employers. it is shifted to the authorities. [ twelve ] Empirical Data: When sing both sides of this argument. it is of import to recognize who are the workers gaining minimal pay. and what function they have in supplying for their households. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the lower limit pay in 2005 ( most recent information available ) . more than one half ( 53 % ) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college pupils. and most of them do non work a full clip agenda. Two tierces are members of households who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poorness degree based on their household size. Less than 17 per centum are the lone pay earners in their households. and less than 6 per centum are hapless individual female parents. [ thirteen ] What does this information state us? The most of import thing is that an addition in the minimal pay would aim a bulk of people who may non be populating in poorness and are otherwise non in demand of direct aid. The far-reaching effects of raising minimal rewards across the board in order to acquire aid to the about 22 per centum of earners who are genuinely populating in poorness seems to be at the least uneffective. and at worst it could epresent a awful trip in economic policy. It is hard if non impossible to place the occupations lost because of minimal pay. but it is really easy to place the extra income for a minimal pay worker. This is frequently the first rejoinder from minimal pay advocators in response to statements made by the other side. Alison Wellington’s research found that a 10 % addition in the lower limit pay re sulted in a 0. 6 % lessening in adolescent employment. with no consequence on unemployment rates. [ fourteen ] A survey along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting consequences. They concluded that lower limit pay resulted in a decrease in employment chances for low skilled workers. it was most harmful to destitute households. and that it lowers the grownup rewards of immature workers by cut downing their ultimate degree of instruction. [ fifteen ] There are infinite surveies on both sides of the issue. and each one merely solidifies each side in their existing sentiment. No affair what place one takes sing the minimal pay argument. there are a battalion of surveies available to back up it. The apparently obvious fact is that these little additions that are enacted every few old ages are neer plenty to truly do a difference in conveying a individual or a household out of poorness. A 50 cent addition in the minimal pay consequences in approximately $ 20 more per hebdomad for a full clip worker. In my appraisal. it is rather improbable that little sum is doing the difference in a individual or a household life in poorness and life comfortably. A survey of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimal pay wholly eliminated while 37. 7 % want the minimal pay increased. [ sixteen ] Such division among even the most adept economic experts shows precisely how combative this issue is. and that there is no black and white. right or incorrect reply to work out the argument. Possibly as clip goes on and there is more historical informations to reexamine. there may be a more unequivocal reply sing this argument. Until such clip. bot h sides will most probably remain entrenched in their current place.