European-English language Essay

As Ammon Ulrich puts it, the English language is the most hospitable languages in the world because of its character for being open to other languages (2002). The English language accepts words and expressions from other languages. It even borrows the native words and expressions of some countries. Such hospitability of the English language can be proved by appealing to the etymologies found in some English terms (Algeo & Pyles 2004). Yet, he argued that such hospitability does not entail humbleness. In fact, he argued that the English language has started to dominate the world by making the world accustomed to use and speak the English language (Ammon 2002). The sixteenth, seventeenth and the eighteenth century signaled the rise of the English language in Europe (Anderman & Rogers 2005). These periods marked the impeccable influence of the English language in the European civilizations. Because of trades and shipping businesses, it was said that Europe had increasingly exposed themselves on the English language (Phillipson 2003). The nineteenth century made almost all of the European languages to have distinct affinity with the English language likewise the European languages include vocabularies and terms that were derived from the English language (Anderman & Rogers 2005). In the twentieth century, England took a very significant role in expanding the influence of the English language in the whole European region. Because of cultural relations, economic transactions, and global communications, English had truly penetrated Europe. There was this mixed European and English language – combination of structures, terms, expressions and styles of the two languages (Anderman & Rogers 2005). Nonetheless, in this period, English does not have any special place in European countries. It is not even regarded as an official language by other European countries (Phillipson 2003). Though there are some countries which used English as their native language. There are countries in Europe which are opposed with the idea of translating files and documents from their native language into English (Ammon 2002). Bilingualism is allowed in the European region (Phillipson 2003). However; European countries do not think that making the English language as their official language would make significant change for them. As a result, they refuse to consider translations of newspapers, official documents and declarations into the English language. There are separate editions and issues of magazines that are printed and published in English (Ammon 2002). According to the European Union, though the English language has truly proven its importance in international business and communication, it does not necessarily mean that they would ardently adopt it (Anderman & Rogers 2005). What happened is that, European countries, together with their cultures, reconstructed the English language with their own native language. For example, the combination of French and English is called Franglais. The combination of German and English is Denglish, Spanish and English is Spanglish, Dutch and English is Nederengels (Anderman & Rogers 2005). Besides this reconstruction or the mixing of European languages and the English language, the European Union announces that although the English language is key factor in business communication, local cultures and communication should be first considered. Consequently, English is only regarded as an ordinary language used and spoken by the people in Europe (Stavans 2002). Crawford’s â€Å"Heritage Languages in America: Tapping a ‘Hidden’ Resource† English Language is known as the official language of America (Crawford 1999). All the states of America use and speak of it. There is no such thing as native language except for the fact that America has been inhibited by many other people with different nationalities and cultures (Cheshire 2007). It is tagged as the melting pot of the world. For this reason, it is undeniable that every attempt to come near it would mean exposing oneself from the very influential power of the American culture including the use of the English language (Crawford 1999). According to James Crawford, it is inevitable that the world would bend over the English language (1999). Evidently, one cannot survive in the international scene without knowing how to speak and understand English. As repeatedly mentioned in this paper, international communication requires the English language (Crystal 2003). He stressed in his arguments his contention to those countries which try to establish an anti-bilingual campaign (Crawford 1999). It is to be noted that there are really bills and laws that are currently against the use of English as a second language. He saw no logical reason for pushing such campaign. American people honor and recognize the role of the English language. They see how it significantly affects their lives and the world. No matter how the English language is differently used and spoken by different countries in the world, no doubt that it pushes the world to take big leaps with regards to technological, scientific, political and mostly economic advancements. English language-policy system in America is geared towards the unification of native tribes and groups with the whole of America (Johnson, 2000). It does not really undermine or debilitate native languages. It serves as the key weapon in improving the lives of the people, and making them realize that the world is really moving towards modernization and globalization. There is no way that the English language would not affect the international relations of the world (Cheshire 2007). However, according to James Crawford, it does not imply that other languages would be thrown out of the picture. He insisted that native languages should be tied up with the native languages so as to preserve the culture and heritage of particular regions and groups in America while making efforts to advance the quality of life they have (Crawford 1999). Conclusion The English Language cannot really own by one nation. In fact it is not exclusively owned by any one. It is a freelancer language which tends to be accessible to all that needs a common medium for particular and specific purpose. The research studies presented in this paper proves that the English language has really penetrated the international scene – leaving either good or bad effects. More so, its evolution took place in the midst of criticisms and oppositions against it. China, Japan, Europe and America admitted that the English language significantly takes part in every transformation of the world. It is a very dynamic language which allows the assimilation and inclusion of almost every other languages and culture. Bilingualism may be seen as problem or threat for others. Nonetheless, bilingualism opens the door for better communication. References: Algeo, J. , & Pyles, T 2004, The Origins and Development of the English Language (5th ed. ), Heinle. Ammon, U 2002, English As An Academic Language In Europe: A Survey Of Its Use In Teachin,. Peter Lang Publishing. Anderman, G. M. , & Rogers, M 2005, In And Out Of English: For Better, For Worse? (Translating Europe, Multilingual Matters Limited. Brownell, J. A1967, Japan’s second language;: A critical study of the English language program in the Japanese secondary schools in the 1960’s, National Council of Teachers of English. Burchfield, R 2003, The English Language,. Oxford University Press. Burnley, D 2000, The History of the English Language: A Source Book (2nd ed. ), Longman. Cheshire, J 2007, English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. Cheshire, Jenny 1991, Introduction: sociolinguistics and English around the world, In Cheshire: 1-12. Crane, M 2004, English as a Second Language, Grand Central Publishing . Crawford, J 1999, Heritage Languages in America Retrieved July 2007, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/HL. htm Crystal, D 2003, English as a Global Language (2nd ed. ), Cambridge University Press. Fennell, B. A 2001, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approac,. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Gorlach, M. 1991, Studies in Varieties of English around the World, 1984-1988, Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Graddol, D 1996. The History of the English Language (First ed. ), Routledge. Hamers, Josiane F. & Blanc, Michel H. A 1989, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, F. L 2000, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States, Sage Publications, Inc . Kachru, B. B 1992, The Other Tongue: ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES (2nd ed. ), University of Illinois Press. Kahcru, Braj B 1986, â€Å"The power and politics of English†. In World Englishes, Vol. 5, No. 2/3: 121-140. Liu, J 2007, English Language Teaching in China: New Approaches, Perspectives and Standard, Continuum International Publishing Group. Marciamo 2005, Japan more accommodating to English speakers than to speakers of other languages, Retrieved July 28, 2007 from Japan Reference: http://www. jref. com/language/english_friendly_japan. shtml McMillan, R. R 1999, English as the Second Official Language in Japan? Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Garden City Life: http://www.antonnews. com/gardencitylife/1999/12/17/opinion/ Pennycook, Alastair 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd. Phillipson, R 2003, English-Only Europe? : Challenging Language Policy (First ed. ), Routledge. Porcaro, J. W 2002, â€Å"Translating literature and learning culture. (teaching English as a foreign language in Japan†, Academic Exchange Quarterly , 6 (4), p. 113. Ross, H. A 1993 China Learns English: Language Teaching and Social Change in the People`s Republic, Yale University Press. Saito, T. , Nakamura, J. , & Yamazaki, S 2002, English Corpus Linguistics in Japan, Rodopi. Shaobin, J 2002, English as a Global Language in Chin,. Retrieved July 27, 2007, from ELT Newsletter: http://www. eltnewsletter. com/back/May2002/art992002. htm Stanlaw, J 2005, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact (Bilingual ed. ), Hong Kong University Press. Stavans, I 2002, On Borrowed Words: A Memoir of Language, Penguin Non-classics. Weixing, G 2003, The Origin of English Language Teaching in China’s School, Monash Asia Institute.

Creveld’s transformation of war Essay

Martin van Creveld is regarded as one of the most influential contemporary military theorist and historians of modern times. Born in Netherlands, Creveld however has spent a life time in Israel studying and analyzing warfare from the vantage point of the faculty of the Hebrew University where he has been teaching since 1971. During these years he has published a number of works on contemporary military warfare. Supplying War, Command in War, The Transformation of War and The Rise and Decline of the State are some of his most important works amongst others. Highly respected amongst military academia, Creveld has been a regular on the teaching and lecture circuit in many parts of the World including the United States and Europe. His thoughts on warfare and the modern military are absorbed by most militaries including of course the country of his stay, Israel. Many military analysts consider, Creveld’s work, â€Å"The Transformation of War† as his most influential as he has brought out a new paradigm of warfare identified as non Trinitarian war, which is a seminal change in military thinking for the first time after Clausewitz in the 19th Century. (Creveld, 1991). This is now compulsory reading for US army officers. Transformation of War is essentially a critique of the Clausewitzian mode of war as highlighted in the 19th Century master’s seminal work on warfare, On War. (Clausewitz, 1976). Transformation of war breaks away from Clausewitzian model of wars determined by the relationship and resolution of the state or the government, the population and the military, a concept which Creveld has denoted as the Trinitarian model of war. Creveld on the other hand argues that warfare has changed considerably as war is fought today by states as well as non states, thus negating the first premise of Clausewitz. (1991). The population is an indeterminate factor in modern warfare and the modern military is incapable of coping with the changing nature of warfare unless it transforms its war fighting modes. The new war which Creveld talks about is not necessarily an engagement between two states and thus in some ways not winnable by modern armies without transforming themselves. Creveld explains war through a five fold prism of theories. The first is to denote those who fight war. As against the modern state centric militaries, Creveld attempts to indicate that throughout history it is not just states but also leagues, cities and religious orders amongst others who have fought war, thus states do not necessarily have a monopoly on war. In the contemporary spectrum also, states are losing their unique status as the makers of war, Hezbollah, Taliban, Tamil Tigers and the Al Qaeda represent the most significant examples. (Creveld, 1991) The second issue brought out by Von Creveld is the relationship between combatants and non combatants. This is no longer rational as indicated in wars of the old determined by internationally accepted legal instruments as the Geneva Conventions. In many cases today, the lines between war and crime have been blurred with prisoners being treated with utmost brutality. (Creveld, 1991). The third issue is conduct of wars wherein tactics and strategies too have undergone seminal change but which comprise of combat between the will of two protagonists where there is congruence of Creveld’s ideas with Clausewitz. The fourth significant issue addressed by Creveld is that war is not just continuation of politics by other means as indicated by Clausewitz but fought for varied purposes including religious, ethnic survival and so on. Creveld seems to suggest that the policy for making war will be as much determined by culture as by the will of states. (Creveld, 1991) A final issue which has been raised by Creveld is of the role of the individual in war fighting, the motivations, the fighting spirit and the factors that make a soldier fight. This should be clearly understood by the military leader as per Creveld. Seen in this perspective the motivations of the suicide bomber of today forming one of the main weapons of the terrorist organization would attain relevance. (Creveld, 1991) Creveld thus provides a broader perspective of warfare which may have greater relevance in today’s wars, than Clausewitz. This is so as he has covered a much wider period of warfare and thus is able to arrive at much broader conclusions on the changing nature of wars. Clausewitz on the other hand appears to have derived the principles from his more recent experiences which came after establishment of the Westphalian order. Viewed in the perspective of the types of conflicts being waged in the World today, Creveld’s views would seem quite relevant. A number of contemporary military writers as Carver have supported Creveld. (Carver, 1981). Moreover a survey of conflicts in which American forces were engaged even as the Gulf War 1991 was going on would indicate the possible simultaneity of conventional and guerrilla or asymmetric conflicts. (Bolger, 1991). On the other hand to view warfare completely as a state versus non state phenomenon may also be out of context. Some recent wars such as the Iraq War 1991, Operation Enduring Freedom 2003 or the Indo Pakistan conflict in 1999 in Kargil could possibly fall in the context of Trinitarian conflicts. Thus the state has not totally lost monopoly on wars. Another issue is of motivation of soldiers. The overwhelming importance given to motivation of soldiers by Creveld appears unjustified in that this may explain the use of say Kamikaze by the Japanese during the Second World War but such tactics despite high levels of motivation do not win wars. To that extent some of Creveld’s theories are not fully directed towards indicating strategies to win wars. Another argument is that of anarchy, if states lose their monopoly of making wars, the World would resemble chaos and disorder. This is seen in many parts of the globe even today. Thus states will continue to be a prime instrument of violence in the years ahead. Notwithstanding the above issues, Creveld has clearly indicated the changes that have come about in warfare and his theories have received considerable support in the military community. The need is to adopt recommendations made by Creveld rationally to political and military organizations by ensuring that societies adapt instruments of violence which are most appropriate to their environmental culture and needs of the times. Thus states should not only prepare for conventional wars but other types of warfare including guerrilla, information, political and cultural and develop their militaries as full spectrum forces. Government and militaries also need to take into account the possibilities of being confronted not just by uniformed soldiers but also by suicide bombers, grenade and gun toting vagabonds, information warriors and even biological warfare agents. The complexity of conflict has thus interminably increased over the years.

Analysis of Lester Burnham

From the outside, Lester seems to have a perfect salary, and a perfect family who lives in a perfect neighborhood. In reality, things are not what they seem to be. In fact, he is on the verge of getting fired from this job, his wife and only child hate him, and he also hates himself. Slowly a series of crises begin to occur that ensure that eventually the family will be destroyed. It starts off with the deterioration of his relationship with, his daughter Jane, and wife Carolyn. â€Å"She wasnt always like this. She used to be happy. We used to be happy. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) Everyday is different in his life, but also the same. He goes to work and comes home only to have dinner with the same music and same people who despise him the most. Not to mention how every dinner ends the same, with personal attacks towards him, only to make him feel worse about himself. The worst part is that he knows he is going to do the same tomorrow. As things seem to escalate more and more it is becoming more obvious that he has reached his mid-life crisis. Especially when he meets Angela, his daughters attractive best friend, he thinks he has finally found a new purpose for living. This is when Burnham has reached a critical point in his life. This film revolves around many ideas and themes. One of these is the value of life. â€Å"I have lost something. Im not exactly sure what it is, but I know I didnt always feel this sedated. But you know what? Its never too late to get it back. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) From now on, in the movie, Lester decides to turn his life around. Starting by getting himself out of the depression he is currently in. As the movie goes on, one of the first things you notice while watching the movie is how perfect the houses are aligned and how his whole entire house is furnished with the color gray or light shades of blue. The only things that do seem to have color are either painted with red or blue. In turn the red signifies the things that make the characters happy and the blue signifies the troubles the characters are facing. How does that person interact with others in the movie? Lester’s interaction with others in the movie was the one significant thing that showed his true colors of his character. He seemed to have a positive outlook on gaining relationships, but most characters in the film wanted nothing to do with him. They saw him as an impersonal individual with no care in the world, but to fulfill his own desires. On the other hand, all he wanted was to have a happy relationship with his daughter and wife. However, in return they never showed him an ounce of gratitude. Especially his daughter Jane. From the first time I saw them have dinner with the vase of red flowers and perfect family portrait between them, I knew that Jane had repressed anger towards her father. Particularly when Lester tried to conversate with Jane and she clearly expressed that she could care less. â€Å"Well, what do you expect? You cant all of a sudden be my best friend, just because you had a bad day†¦I mean, hello. Youve barely even spoken to me for months. †(Cohen, Mendes,1999) At this point in the movie it has become pretty obvious that the main character is not only depressed but he also has a passive aggressive personality disorder. The first psychological behavior shown was depression. Depression is an Axis I disorder under the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Which is also described as by doctors Sharp and Lipsky in 2002 as a â€Å".. common psychiatric disorder in children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Persons who are depressed have feelings of sadness, loneliness, irritability, worthlessness, hopelessness, agitation, and guilt that may be accompanied by an array of physical symptoms. A diagnosis of major depression requires that symptoms be present for two weeks or longer†¦Targeted screening in high-risk patients such as those with chronic diseases, pain, unexplained symptoms, stressful home environments, or social isolation, and those who are postnatal or elderly may provide an alternative approach to identifying patients with depression† The main characters loneliness and sense of worthlessness has become more evident when his neurotic wife no longer wants to engage in sexual activities with him. And his fourteen year job as a writer for a media magazine has come to an end. In addition, what seems to throw him over the edge is the lack of communication he has with his daughter. Although she wants nothing to do with him, he still longs for her happiness. A Person who is also depressed shows a sign that life is not worth living for them. The character of Lester Burnham didn’t hesitate to express this within the first minute of the movie. He narrates â€Å"My name is Lester Burnham. This is my neighborhood. This is my street. This is my life. Im forty-two years old. In less than a year, Ill be dead†¦Of course, I dont know that yet†¦And in a way, Im dead already. †(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) However what ultimately deteriorates Lesters life is his passive aggressive personality disorder. Also found in the Axis II DSM-IV-TR criteria. These are all the things that the character of Lester Burnham embodies on a day to day basis: â€Å"People with this disorder resent responsibility and show it through their behaviors, rather than by openly expressing their feelings. They often use procrastination, inefficiency, and forgetfulness to avoid doing what they need to do or have been told by others to do†¦A person with this disorder may appear to comply with anothers wishes and may even demonstrate enthusiasm for those wishes. However, they perform the requested action too late to be helpful, perform it in a way that is useless, sabotage the action to show anger that they cannot express in words†(Vorvick, Rogge, 2008) His evident mid life crisis causes him to irresponsibly buy a red sports car and fall in lust with someone that is the age of his daughter, also known as Angela in the film. His first encounter with Angela started the red rose petal frenzy. Everytime he interacted with her red rose petals appeared in her significance. The rose petals signified a sense of happiness for Lester and acceptance by the only female in the film. Another symptom for passive aggressive behavior is feeling resentment and hostility. Mr. Burnham clearly displayed his feeling of resentment and hostility in the second dinner scene where him and his wife get into an altercation over how Lester up and quit his job, when he had a clear chance to save it. But things started going downhill after Lester shouted across the table to his daughter â€Å"And your mother seems to prefer I go through life like a fucking prisoner while she keeps my dick in a mason jar under the sink†(Cohen, Mendes, 1999) By this point Carolyn and Lester are screaming to each other, but all Lester seems to want is someone to pass the asparagus. Finally, he becomes feed up with the non-respect he is shown as the man in the household and he gets up himself to get the asparagus. After serving himself, a minute later he throws the aspargus directly across the wall next to the perfect family portrait, in order to command attention from his ungrateful wife and daughter. Another sign for passive aggressive personality disorder in Lester Burnham is the drug abuse and poor career development. (Something that Lester didn’t hide throughout the film. ) Especially his interest in smoking marijuana, which he ironically receives from his neighbor and also his daughters boyfriend, Ricky Fitts. By this time, the main character Lester, has shown how withdrawn he actually is from the world and how irresponsible he has become.

The Role of Germany in European Affairs between 1862 and 1900 Essay

The Role of Germany in European Affairs between 1862 and 1900 - Essay Example The destabilization in Europe took place mainly because of the several conflicts between the neighboring European countries. The Franco Prussian War which began in 1970 and ended the following year is very significant when it comes to analyzing the role of Germany in European affairs between 1862 and 1900. The Prussians wanted to suppress the weaker states and wanted a new German state. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck spearheaded three really important wars, Denmark, Austria were comprehensively defeated by the Prussians in 1864. The big moment for the Prussians came in the year 1871 when they managed to defeat France. The Prussians were so powerful that the French army just could not contain them; the French were defeated and not only defeated but also humiliated. This was how a unified Germany came into being. Germany would not have been the same had the Prussians not attacked Austria, Denmark and France in 1864 and 1871 respectively. Otto von Bismarck once very famously said â€Å"T he great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.† (Otto von Bismarck)   The unification of Germany was complete; Austria was not included in the unification. The French were comprehensively beaten and this called for revenge. The French were desperate to avenge their defeat. France had also lost territory during war and they were also made to pay a whopping compensation by the Prussians. The revanche movement kicked started in France, it was a political movement with an agenda of putting the newly unified country in its place. Ogden Nash once said â€Å"Now, anybody whom a  German  hates, He presently exterminates, But he who exterminates a French Is never safe from Gallic revenge, But he who gets even with a  German  Is obliterated like a vermin† (German Quotes) Germany wanted to further strengthen itself and in an endeavor to do so it started locking horns with established colonial powers. G ermany and Britain were at loggerheads in the year 1896. German Kaiser ridiculed the Jameson Raid and the same offended the British beyond the wildest of one’s imagination. A telegram was sent by Germany which was somehow intercepted by the British media and this caused wild uproar in Britain. The British took to the streets to protest against the German authorities who wrote the telegram. Weltpolitik was one of Germany’s policies; even this policy was largely responsible for creating a huge drift between the Germans and the British. Robert MacDonald once very famously said â€Å"One  German  makes a philosopher, two a public meeting, three a war.† (German Quotes) The first naval law by Germany was passed by Admiral von Tirpitz, he wanted Germany to have a really strong Navy. â€Å"The son of a civil servant, Tirpitz signed up with the Prussian Navy in 1865 as a midshipman, attending the Kiel Naval School; he subsequently received his commission in 1869.   Tirpitz went on to serve as commander of a torpedo flotilla and subsequently inspector general of the torpedo fleet, during which time he developed a keen interest in the potentialities of submarines in wartime.† (First World War) There were 17 naval ships built by Germany in seven years, these developments made caused panic and shockwaves in Britain. Britain knew that it had to do something to combat

The marketing communications plan for ultime HP TV Essay

The marketing communications plan for ultime HP TV - Essay Example The marketing communication plan will be divided into two critical sections or stages, of which the first stage spells out the objectives of the plan in terms of the marketing and communication objectives. The second stage of the plan spells out the strategies that will be used in the segmentation, targeting, and positioning processes. Additionally, this report will provide an estimate budget for the marketing communication plan, which will only run for a period of one year and it will only cover the United Kingdom market. According to Malone, the technology industry is busting with innovations in an un-choreographed time schedule, which means that failure to innovate timely product is likely a recipe for failure by the technological companies. The competition is high such that manufacturers in the industry have to continually research and create new products that are more suited to customers’ needs and expectations. Hewlett-Packard Company is a perfect example of a successful company in the global technological industry. The company specializes in the providing technologies, products, software services and solutions for consumers, small and medium term enterprises, and large enterprises.

Bakery Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bakery Business Plan - Essay Example ur is the most valuable ingredient that influences the entire processing response and determines the final quality of the finished bakery products because of the unique proteins in wheat that gives the products a characteristic highly expanded structure. In addition, wheat flour is generally present in a large proportion than any other ingredient used in baking industry. The baked products provide majority of the food supplements recommended for daily consumption. Such elements include carbohydrates, lipids (free fatty acids and simple glycerides), fiber, vitamins, and mineral salts (Matz, 1992). The production environment within the bakery involves all the entire processes from the onset of acquiring the raw materials for baking the products to when the baked product is ready for consumption, sale, and transportation of the finished products to other consumers. Purchasing of various ingredients including the required quantity of wheat flour, margarine, sweeteners and other required ingredients, mixing which is classified as a chemical engineering unit operation, entails putting plurality of materials originally existing separately in non-uniform combination. For example mixing flour with water and the required fluids including margarine and other fats into such an arrangement that each particle of one material lies nearly and adjacent to each particle of the other materials and make a thick semi solid mass of the mixture, which will be sliced in variable sizes according to the desired products. Such mixing is done using mixer machines (Matz, 1992). After the baking process the products are placed on storage containers awaiting for transportation and outsourcing to various distributors, wholesalers and consumers, this involves the incorporation of various transportation modes to ensure the delivery of fresh products to the market. The entire operation involves the use and coordination through human labor that control the machines during the baking process.

Interpretation of Statistical Tables and Testing Hypotheses Statistics Project

Interpretation of Statistical Tables and Testing Hypotheses - Statistics Project Example Therefore, there appears a difference in grade for unmotivated, motivated, and highly motivated diploma students that are there is difference in grade based on participation. The average grade for unmotivated scholarship students (23 to 32 years old) was about 78.89 (SD = 7.59), for motivated scholarship students was about 71.17 (SD = 6.05), and for highly motivated  scholarship students was about 76.80 (SD = 7.12). Therefore, there appears that unmotivated and highly motivated scholarship students grade is higher as compared to motivated scholarship students. The average grade for unmotivated government students (33 and above) was about 62.67 (SD = 4.32), for motivated government students was about 62.56 (SD = 5.03), and for highly motivated  government students was about 63.20 (SD = 9.63). The average grade for  diploma students was about 87.85 (SD = 5.66), for  scholarship students was about 76.05 (SD = 7.49), and for  government students was about 62.75 (SD = 5.93). Therefore, there appears difference in grade among three age groups of students. The average grade for unmotivated students was about 79.00 (SD = 13.09), for motivated students was about 72.68 (SD = 11.50), and for highly motivated  students was about 74.75 (SD = 11.00). Therefore, there appears difference in grade among three motivation (participation) groups of students. There was a significant main effect of age group on student grade, F(2, 4.06) = 39.92, p =.002, ÃŽ ·2 = 0.952. In other words, there is difference in student grade for different age groups. The result indicates a very strong effect of 0.952 as measured by ÃŽ ·2. There was nonsignificant main effect of participation (motivation) on student grade, F(2, 4.02) = 1.77, p =.281, ÃŽ ·2 = 0.468. In other words, there is statistically no difference in student grade for different participations

Individual Review on poster presentation 1,500 words Essay

Individual Review on poster presentation 1,500 words - Essay Example Volkswagen has a long history in China and plays a vital role in the Chinese automotive industry. In 1985, the Company signed a deal with SAIC that was formed by the merger of several local car manufacturers of China. This was a strategic move in history for the Chinese auto industry as well as Volkswagen. The company, Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd (SVW) first identified those market segments which can be easily served with the existing product portfolio. Hence, Audi 100 became the Government officials car and Jetta emerged as commonly used taxies. Such strategic monopoly of the company assisted it to acquire a secure market share in China. This was the first phase of market penetration for Volkswagen in China and soon the company started developing strategies to further penetrate the market and expand its market share (Ray, 2003). Volkswagen was the first western auto manufacturer that entered China. The company was smart enough to be used as taxi and government cars which helped it to gain economies of scales. This strategic move also had a marketing aspect. The cars running on the roads of Shanghai acted as company’s showroom and thus more and more people came to know about the brand portfolio of Volkswagen. With time, the taxi fleet in Shanghai underwent an up gradation and each time a new model from Volkswagen’s brand portfolio has replaced the old one. Eventually, the company entered joint venture with local companies to develop a stable and reliable supply chain in the market. However, with increasing market competition from the local as well as international players in the auto industry, market share of Volkswagen started declining in early 2000s and the company went into crisis (EBF, 2007, p.47). With its innovation and creative thinking, the company introduced changes in its products as well as business strategy and reoccupied its lost image and established itself as one of the most popular cars. With time the Chinese auto sector has

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin Essay

Phase response curves to light and to melatonin - Essay Example In human light PRC (Figure 1), the y-axis of the PRC shows the direction and relative magnitude of the phase shift in hours induced by light exposure (solid line). Circadian Time Zero (CT0) corresponds to 11:00 am and CT22-CT18 is the duration for day time activity. The black bar, which indicates the time period between 12:00 midnight – 8:00am, along x-axis represents the duration for sleeping. Bright light treatment causes the phase-delay of circadian phase, which is represented by the area from CT10 to CT18. During this period, bright light treatment causes later onset of sleeping/awakening cycle. As time progresses from CT10, stronger effect on phase-delay is observed. At CT18, this phase-delay effect is changed dramatically to phase-advancing effect. The peak phase-advancing effect coincides with sunrise. From CT18 to CT3, bright light treatment induces phase-advancing effect, causing earlier onset of sleeping / awakening cycle. This effect gradually decreases from CT19 to CT3. As noted in the graph, little or no effect is observed when bright light treatment is applied from CT14 to CT20, in which this time period corresponds to 2:00pm to 8:00pm. The intensity of the light used in bright light treatment can have direct effect on the magnitude of the phase advancement or delay. ... After this time point, this effect decreases to the lowest point to CT12. It should be noted that during this time period, bright light treatment has no phase-shifting effect on circadian rhythm. From CT18 to CT0, melatonin administration induces a phase-delay effect on circadian rhythm, however, this effect is relatively small when compared with the phase advancing effect induced by bright light treatment. From 2 hours before the onset of sleeping (CT12) onwards until time of sunrise (CT18), administration of melatonin does not exert any effect on circadian rhythm. This time duration coincides with phase delaying effect of bright light treatment. b. Using this knowledge of the phase response curves to light and to melatonin, design a protocol to alleviate the effects of jet lag when travelling from London Singapore (8 time zones eastward) The flights for travelling from London to Singapore are available both in the morning and at night. The local time in Singapore is ahead of London by 8 hours (8 time zones eastward). Assuming there are two flights travelling from London to Singapore, one flight has the depart time at 11:00 am (London local time) and arrive in Singapore at 7:00 am (Singapore local time, one day ahead); the other flight departs at 22:00 pm (London local time) and arrives at 18:00 pm (Singapore local time, one day ahead). The total duration of the flight is approximately 13 hours. The circadian rhythm may be entrained by advance or delay the sleep/awake cycle and both intake of melatonin at about 4 hours before to its natural peak in the circadian cycle or bright light treatment may induce an advance response (3). The following protocol is devised from

Gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gender identity - Essay Example The paper shall also take into account the role of the media and social stereotypes along with the role that different cultures play in the establishment of gender identities. Gender identity refers to the roles of masculinity or femininity that are assigned to individuals on the basis of certain markers, in a certain society. This may vary from one culture to another and no fixed definition exists in society. These identities change over time as well and not just spatially. For instance the Victorian models of femininity have changed a lot and English women no longer abide by the codes of conduct that women in Jane Austen’s novels scrupulously followed. This, however, has certain similarities to the conduct expected of women of countries that were colonized by England. Apart from pointing to the fluid nature of gender identities, this phenomenon also points to the fact that gender identities are influenced by a The sexual orientation of a person decides the partner that he or she may wish to enter into sexual intercourse with. The politics of sexual orientation, however, does not end with producing effects on the choice of a partner though. Desire and gender identities are closely linked and both affect the other. Judith Butler talks of this in her work, Undoing Gender, where she talks of how unconventional sexual orientations affect the conventional definitions of masculinity and femininity that are set by the society, thus offering a challenge to the conventional hierarchies in society (Butler, 2003). Both heterosexuality and homosexuality can offer challenges to oppressive heteronormative social setups; however, homosexual orientations have great effectiveness in challenging the social unit that is the most important factor in the perpetuation of heteronormative societies: the family. Homosexual units offer possibilities to the parties involved to redefine the nature of conjugal relatio nships and to restructure the society. How

Ethnic group Essay Example for Free

Ethnic group Essay Prejudice is an opinion or judgement without due examination toward one side of a question from other considerations than those belonging to. Or we can say that prejudice is a bias on the part of judge, juror or witness which interferes with fairness of judgement. Prejudice involves negative feelings when they are in the presence of or even think about members of the group. Prejudice often involves stereotypes, suggesting that all members of a group behave in certain ways and have certain characteristics. Therefore, prejudice has both cognitive and affective components. Affective component is the positive or negative attitude/ feeling. Beside the cognitive component contains stereotypes. Prejudice will be dealt as a single set of dynamics that function to dehumanize people who are identifiably different in some way from the people whose perceptions are limited by the dysfunction we called prejudice. This approach is taken for two reasons. First, it is easily defensible through the uderstanding of the dynamics of prejudices and second the continued separation and classification of prejudices according to the superficial categories of those who are prejudiced is a disservice to those who are the targets of discrimination and a distortion of reality. Much of prejudice stems from our pre-judging other people’s habits, customs, ways of speaking and value. We often do this with no basic for the judgement other that the fact that they (the customs, values, ways of speaking, etc) are different form our own. When we are confines to a single culture, it’s incredibly difficult to see that one’s way is not the only way, that one’s truth is not the only possible way in which things are done. To travel around the world and seeing the variousity of culture may become the nicest thing to do for reducing prejudice. There is no better way to be convinced of this than to go to another country where millions people are doing something different from you. Another way to reduce prejudice is to make a friend with many background culture. From that, we can learn that we are all different and we have to accept that differences. By accepting and learning that differences, the number of prejudicing people will be decrease. Prejudice reduction refers to a collectionof techniques designed to break down these destructive stereotypes. Most often prejudice reduction programs take place on a small scale for example in workshops which bring together people from different groups to help them develop a better mutual understanding. At times, efforts are made to reduce prejudice among the general population. This can be done with wide spread media efforts and public education programs often implemented during the grade school years. In both small scale and large scale efforts, a first step which is critical to the success of these programs is an ability to overcome the many communications problems cited elsewhere in this training program. This is because a great deal of prejudice arises from simple misunderstandings and the tendency to make worse case assumptions in the absence of reliable information. At the workshop level, facilitators can help people explore their stereotypes, and learn to communicate with each other in a more open, trusting, and receptive way. At the community or societal level, misunderstandings can be addressed through carefully crafted public media campaigns and/or education programs designed to counter common stereotypes and present all groups in their best possible light. Still, correcting poor communication may is not usually enough to overcome prejudice. Better communication may simply prove that the parties do, in fact, hold each other in mutual contempt, or that they are, indeed, trying to undermine each others interests. Often such hostility is the result of escalation processes which transform relatively minor provocations into intense confrontations. For this reason strategies for limiting escalation are also an essential component of effective prejudice reduction. This also can be attempted in workshop settings or at the larger, community level. On the other hand, we will talk about stereotypes. Stereotypes are generalizations or assumptions that people make about the characteristics of all members of a grup based on image that often wrong about what people in that group are like. Most stereotypes probably tend to convey a negative impression. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have. Researches have found that stereotypes exist of different races, cultures or ethnic groups. Although the terms race, culture and ethnic groups have different meanings, we shall take them to mean roughly the same thing at the moment. Not surprisingly, racial stereotypes always seem to favor the race of the holder and belittle other races. It is probably true saying that every ethnic group has racial stereotypes of other groups which can be seen to benefit each group because it helps in the long run to identify with one’s own ethnic group and so find protection and promote safety and success of the group. A brief description of stereotyping includes: grouping people together based on their race, ethnicity, religion, languange, customs, appearance, gender or culture; denying people rights because of the group belong to; believing that one’s own group is superior beside other groups are inferior. And the ways to reduce stereotyping includes: promoting first hand knowledge through personal experiences; putting one self in another’s shoes and considering multiple perspectives; working toward a meaningful goal with others when all share equal status. It will naturally be difficult to change stereotypes and prejudice, because such change will need to overcome all of the cognitive processes such as biased information search, interpretation and memory behavioral confirmation, as well as social processes, such as pressures to conform to the beliefs of others, all of which work to maintain stereotypes intact. Nevertheless, social psychologists have developed numoerous theories about when and why stereotypes will or won’t change and some interventions have been effective at changing stereotypes. In general, there are three types of change in beliefs that can help reduce negative intergroup encounters. Perhaps the most obvious change involves creating more positve perceptions of the group as a whole. When we reduce an individual’s level of prejudice or change his or her stereotypes to be more positive. But change does not always have to involve becoming more positive about the group. If we change the perceptions of the variability of a group such that the individual no longer believes that all of the group members are the same, we have also reduce stereotyping, even if the beliefs have not become more positve overall. Finally, we will have been succesful if we have been able to reduce the tendency for an individual to use social categories when judging others, with the result that they are more likely individuate others instead.

Leadership and Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Human Behavior Essay As a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others; whose support you need in order to accomplish your goals. To gain their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Unlike others researchers in the earlier days of psychology, Abraham Maslows based his theory of human needs on creative people who used all their talents, potential, and capabilities (Bootzin, Loftus, Zajonc, Hall, 1983). His methodology differed from most other psychological researchers at the time in that these researchers mainly observed mentally unhealthy people. Maslow (1970) felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order that could be divided into two major groups: basic needs and metaneeds (higher order needs): * Basic Needs are physiological, such as food, water, and sleep; and psychological, such as affection, security, and self-esteem. These basic needs are also called â€Å"deficiency needs† because if they are not met by an individual, then that person will strive to make up the deficiency. * Metaneeds or being needs (growth needs). These include justice, goodness, beauty, order, unity, etc. Basic needs normally take priority over these meta needs.

Tourism And Hospitality Management

Tourism And Hospitality Management The public sector in tourism and hospitality industry plays important role in the development of small businesses. This sector is highly important in micro sector development of the industry. The services of public sector of the tourism and hospitality industry include strategic directions that are important for the overall coherent development of the industry (Teo, 2003). The private sector of the tourism and hospitality industry plays important role in the active and passive development of the industry. This sector plays important role for transforming money from one country to the other. This sector is highly important for the economic development of tourism and hospitality industry (Teo, 2003). The third sector of tourism and hospitality industry is voluntary tourism which refers to paid activities such as formal businesses (Teo, 2003). This sector play role in terms of local communities such as difficulties regarding resident involvement. 1.2 Evaluate a range of different tourism and hospitality sectors and the organization that operate within them The tourism and hospitality industry is very broad industry which also includes service sectors such as restaurants, logging, event management, theme parks, transportations and other additional fields. The tourism and hospitality industry accounts for several billions across the world which depends on the disposal income of customers to facilitate them in leisure time. On the other hand, hospitality sector of the tourism and hospitality industry such as hotel, restaurant and other groups may also be included. On the whole, the tourism and hospitality industry can be divided into eight major segments. These are: Accommodation Events and Conferences Adventure Tourism and Recreation Tourism Services Attractions Transportation Food and Beverage Travel Trade Analyze stakeholders roles within tourism and hospitality industry The individuals, organizations or groups that have interest or stake in an organization are termed as stakeholders. Practices of organizations can have long lasting impact on the interests of stakeholders. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the interests of stakeholders. In tourism and hospitality industry, the organizations or individuals who have put capital or efforts in the establishment or development of the industry can be referred to stakeholders of the industry. In addition to this, different stakeholders in private and public sector organizations in tourism and hospitality industry can exist (Belinda, 2008). Businesses in tourism, government and communities can have stake in the tourism and hospitality industry. Tourists cannot be considered as actual stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry because they do not make significant money through this industry. On the other hand, they can influence the practices of the tourism and hospitality industry because they are involved in the industry from different aspects. Some of the stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry are as follows: Government: The most important stakeholder of the tourism and hospitality industry is government because policies and regulations of the tourism and hospitality industry are shaped by the government. In context of overall tourism and hospitality industry, government influences the practices of organizations in following respects (Belinda, 2008): By consultation with the private sector and other communities, it plans the policies of the tourism industry It ensures that the organizations in tourism and hospitality industry follow the planned policies and regulations It provides support in financial terms and guidance to the companies in tourism and hospitality industry It ensures that stability and law and order situation of the country for attracting tourists Industrialists: Industrialists are also very important stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry. Industrialists include travel agencies, organizations in the industry, and transport agencies. The organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry include hotels, restaurants, and shopping centers. The practices of all these organizations can affect the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry, as a whole. Industrialists can have following interests in the tourism and hospitality industry: To make investment in the tourism and hospitality industry To market their products and services in different organizations in tourism and hospitality industry such as hotels, restaurants and shopping centers To influence the companies for promoting their products and services Customers/tourists: Customers or tourists are also important stakeholders in the tourism and hospitality industry. This group of stakeholders demands value, quality and high customer care. These are the major source of money for the organizations operating in the tourism and hospitality industry (Belinda, 2008). Employees: Employees are the internal stakeholders of the tourism and hospitality industry. They have high level interest in the internal policies of the tourism and hospitality industry. They demand quality work environment, job security, compensation and truthful communication in the organizations (Belinda, 2008). Local Communities: In tourism and hospitality industry, local communities are important stakeholders. This is because they attract tourists and impact on their intentions of visiting a particular place. They can have stake in the tourism and hospitality industry in terms of job security, environment protection, promotion of local products and services and promotion of local culture and values. 1.4 Analyze the nature of changes to the structure of tourism industry over last 15 years? Over the last fifteen years, several changes have occurred in the tourism and hospitality industry. These changes may include change in oil prices which led to changes in charges of fuel in airlines Increased capacity of aviation on different routes which attract tourists to the tourism and hospitality industry low international airfares and cheap packages of travel with discounts which attract tourists towards the tourism and hospitality industry Trends in consumer demographics which change the behavior of customers for tourism law and order situation in different countries Terrorism factor which reduces the tourism in certain countries On the whole, trends in demographics of customers impact the consumer behavior in the tourism and hospitality industry. It is important for the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry to make important steps regarding strategic management relevant to these changes. Organizations should make relevant policies to attract customers. Task Two: Marketing Report 2.1 Analyse issues around sustainability and sustainable development in tourism and apply management strategies accordingly The sustainable issues in the tourism and hospitality industry refer to the environment protection. It is important for the organizations to apply certain policies regarding these issues to resolve the problems and disagreements. In the global context, the sustainability issues are very important. Organizations need to develop relevant strategies regarding the sustainable development. On the long term basis, organizations need to develop local as well as global strategies for attracting customers and ensuring sustainable development. This is because of integration of sustainable issues across the world. There are many issues in local context which may impact the sustainability in global aspects. Therefore, organizations should integrate their local and global strategies for ensuring sustainability in global tourism and hospitality industry. 2.2 Evaluate certain ways in which tourism can be managed in a sustainable way with reference to given examples There are three major ways through which sustainability issues in global tourism and hospitality industry. These are: Resource based tradition: In this method limitations to growth in hospitality industry are evaluated in resource context Activity based tradition: This refers to the transformation of hospitality industry on dynamic activities Community based tradition: This refers to the integration of resources and activities in the hospitality industry 2.3 Apply principles of corporate social responsibility to a chosen tourism business The corporate social responsibility refers to the commitment of the business to ethical and economic development. In tourism and hospitality industry, corporate social responsibility issues are highly important. These issues relate to the health and safety conditions. Moreover, commitment towards employees, customers and shareholders are also included in this context (Bhattacharya, 2011). The Savoy Hotel needs to be commitment towards environment in broad sense to fulfill its responsibility towards society. On the whole, Savoy Hotel needs to show its responsibility towards following sectors: Workplace Community Marketplace Environment Task Three: Market Research 3.1 Apply PESTLE analysis to describe the main trends in global tourism industry A business tool that evaluates the different factors of external environment of an organization is termed as PESTEL analysis. This tool analyzes the political, environmental, social, technological, legal and economic perspectives of the environment in which organizations operate. In perspective of tourism and hospitality industry, this tool determines that whether the industry is suitable or not for investment (Miriam, 2011). The PESTEL analysis of global tourism and hospitality industry is as follows: Political Factors Political factors refer to the extent to which government impacts the operations of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. The important political factors such as health protection laws, tax rates, law and order situation and political stability can influence the operations of the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. In the global context, political situation in the Middle East can impact the tourism. Moreover, in countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan, where terrorism threats are high, tourism and hospitality industry is declining. Economic Factors Economic factors cal also the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry. These factors can influence the revenues and expenses of the organizations operating in the tourism and hospitality industry. The prices of products, raw materials and inflation can impact the industry. Rates of interest and exchange rates can also influence the industry. Financial downturn in the world decreased the purchasing power of the customers and tourists. In this way, overall revenues of the tourism and hospitality industry were impacted in that financial crisis. Social Factors Social factors may have long lasting impact on the practices of organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry. Health conscious behavior of customers may impact their purchasing behavior in the hotels and restaurant segment of the tourism and hospitality industry (Butler, 2004). Culture and religious practices of people in a particular country may also impact the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Technological Factors Technological practices impact the demand and supply factors in the tourism and hospitality industry. Technological efficiency in the tourism and hospitality industry may enhance the demand. If the food technology is efficient in the tourism and hospitality industry, organizations in the restaurants and hotels can have high demand from customers. Organizations can prepare food quickly to meet the demand. Technology may also impact the relationship of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry with the customers. Efficient technologies can impact customer relationship management in the tourism and hospitality industry. Environmental Issues There are several environmental factors which influence the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Packaging decisions are the major considerations in the tourism and hospitality industry. The practices of organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry which cause pollution may impact the image of the organizations in global context. Global warming, climatic conditions in different regions can also influence the practices of organizations in tourism and hospitality industry. Legal Issues There are many legal issues which impact the policies of tourism and hospitality industry. Rules and regulations regarding food practices can impact the organizations in restaurant sector of the tourism and hospitality industry. Laws regarding operating business in a foreign country can also impact the operations of the tourism and hospitality industry. 3.2 Distinguish between the elements of macro and micro environment The macro environment of an organization is a broad environment which aims at the investigation of major issues. This environment is basically refers to PESTEL environment analysis that allows the researchers to focus at the factors which impact a business in external and broad environment context. These factors may include economic, social, technological, political, environmental and legal factors. These factors impact the organization in different contexts. It is very important for the organizations to adapt to these factors in an effective manner. The results of PESTEL analysis allow the organization to see the factors where its strengths can be capitalized. Micro environment refers to a small environment which aims at investigation of a research problem in a small perspective. This environment refers to new patterns of organizations. This environment may include internal and small external environment of an organization. Internal environment may include employees and management. On the other hand, external environment may include suppliers, customers, and competitors. Both types of environment are highly important for the organizations to see their effectiveness for the operations of the business. 3.3 Analyze the effects of macro and micro environmental factors on tourism organization Political factors: Improvement in the trade barriers and opening of new tourism avenues can enhance the scope of Sovay Hotel for tourism (McKercher, 1993) Economic factors: Low bargaining power of customers and clients reduce the tourism revenues of Sovay Hotel Environmental factors: high concerns of environment such as pollution influence the Sovay Hotel to mold its practices in environment friendly mode Legal factors: Laws and regulations in tourism industry impact the Sovay Hotel to mold its practices according to laws Social factors: behaviors of customers towards healthy food impacts the policies of Sovay Hotel to offer healthy food to customers Technological factors: improvement in technologies and transportation influence the Sovay Hotel to reframe its practices for attracting customers and tourists 4. Task Four: Sustainability Corporate Social Responsibility 4.1 Evaluate the stages of market research process Defining the Problem or Need: The first stage of the market research process is defining the problem or need. Before conducting the market research, the organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry need to identify the main problem or need of the research. They need to conduct investigation to discuss the need of conducting research and define the problems of the organizations. This stage defines the problems or issues that prevail in the organizations and hinder its performance. In order to find the solution of the problems, research is conducted. Deciding the researcher After defining the problem or need of the research in the organization, the next stage is to decide about the researcher who will conduct the research to resolve the prevailing issues. This stage refers to the formulation of analytical framework or methodology for conducting the research. The researcher creates case studies of the organization to make exact framework for the research. Deciding the methodology After defining problem and researcher, the next step is to decide about the methodology of the research. This stage refers to the exploration of different methodologies and frameworks for conducting research. These frameworks may include interview, survey or secondary data. It is very important to decide appropriate methodology relevant to the need of the market research. Relevant methodology aims at finding exact solution of the prevailing problems of the organizations (Baker, 2000). There can be qualitative or qualitative methodology for conducting the research. In qualitative methods, discussions are conducted with the relevant members for finding the solution of the prevailing problems. Qualitative methodology refers to the investigation of the problems in theoretical manner. On the other hand, quantitative methodology aims at finding the solution f research problems in quantitative terms. This methodology aims at investigating the research problems in numeric terms. Survey is th e best tool for conducting quantitative research. There is another methodology which is used to conduct market research. This methodology is mix f qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Many researchers suggest that mixed methodology is effective for finding the justified and logical answers of research questions. Data Collection Process After deciding the research methodology and researcher, the next stage is the data collection process. At this stage, research design is produced for the research. This stage defines the appropriate framework through which research is planned. Aims and objectives of the research are defined at this stage of market research (Saunders et al., 2009). This stage defines that what type of data is to be included in the research. Basically, there are two types of data i.e. primary and secondary. Primary data is the data which does not exists in the earlier records. This type of data is collected for the first time. This data is the most fresh and recent data. Researchers need this data to find the solution of problems. The advantages of this type of data are low biasness, relevance and logical results of research problems. On the other hand, secondary data is the data which exists in the earlier records. This type of data exists in the books, articles and other data bases. Researchers inclu de this data in the research to investigate the issues in theoretical terms. In order to investigate the research problem through secondary data, researchers study existing theories and models regarding the problem. This data is easy to collect. There are specific tools for collecting primary and secondary data. In order to collect primary data, survey, interview, focus group discussions or observations are used. On the other hand, secondary data can be collected through books, articles, newspapers and reports. Whatever the data is, the important consideration is to adopt relevant data tool which can investigate the research problem in effective manner. Data Analysis After collection of data, the next stage is to analyze data to find the answers if research questions in an effective manner. At this stage, data analysis techniques are discussed and decided. Data analysis must be relevant to the aims and objectives and research methodology. If data analysis technique is irrelevant to research methodology, justified and logical answers of research question cannot be obtained. Before analyzing data, it is important to present data in tables and appropriate transcripts so that reader can get deep insight of the research. Data analysis must be very effective so that relevant individuals can get benefits from the research findings. If analysis is not appropriate, management cannot get benefit from the market research to decide the solution of problems prevailing in the organizations. Conclusion and Presenting the Report The last stage of market research process is presentation of data and conclusion. This stage is highly important for the researchers as well as for management who are responsible for deriving answers of research questions. It is very important for the researchers to present the findings in an effective manner so that management can take decisions regarding the prevailing problems in the organization. The researcher needs to communicate the findings of the research in an effective manner. In market research, management does not take interest in the details of the research process but takes high interest in the findings and conclusion. This is because management has to take decisions regarding prevailing organizational problems. Therefore, if findings are not presented logically and effectively, managements effectiveness in decision making is impact. It is very important for the researcher to present logical and justified recommendations regarding the research problems so that manageme nt can take help in decision making. 4.2 Provide a justified proposal for a suitable market research plan for a given organization For the Savoy Hotel, following research plan is proposed in the following stages: Aim and Objectives Data Collection Data Analysis Results and Conclusion Recommendations In analyzing services provided by Savoy hotel elegant dà ©cor services with stylish Italian architecture for key attraction has been provided. The Florence atmosphere with classic marble and mosaic bathrooms with enjoyable and exhilarating experience attracts customers all around. 4.3 Understand the difference between qualitative and quantitative research and evaluate when each might be appropriate Qualitative research is basically exploratory research which aims at obtaining reasons, motivations and opinions regarding the research questions. This type of research is conducted through development of hypothesis in quantitative terms (Saunders et al., 2009). This research is used to discover the thoughts, trends and opinions regarding a particular research problem. Qualitative research methods investigate a particular problem in theoretical terms; there are different methods which are used to conduct qualitative research. These methods may include semi structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. In order to conduct qualitative research, small research sample is selected from the entire population. On the other hand, quantitative research codifies the research problem through numerical data which can be converted into appropriate statistics. This research method is applied in market research to identify the attitudes, behaviors, opinions and suggestions in quantitative terms. The aim of this type of research is to generalize the results on a large sample (Russ and Preskill, 2001). Quantitative research is used to uncover the aims and objectives of the research in quantitative terms. There are several methods through which quantitative research can be conducted. These methods may include surveys, face to face interviews, website interceptors and online polls. This type of research focuses on quantities and numeric for finding the solution of research problems. On the basis of statistics and numeric analysis, quantitative research finds the answers of research questions. On the other hand, qualitative research focuses on qualities such as behaviors and attitudes in real manner. The results of qualitative research are presented theoretically rather than numerically (Russ and Preskill, 2001). Quantitative research is applied at the scenarios where aim is to generalize the result on a large population. On the other hand, qualitative research methods are applied on the scenarios where aim is to discover problem in an organizational setting and find solution of problems. 4.4 Evaluate different research methodologies based upon a given scenario There are different types of research methodologies which are implemented on particular scenarios. Each research methodology focuses on particular aims and objectives (Saunders et al., 2009). Some of the research methodologies are as follows: Quaitative research This is first type of qualitative research methodology which refers to investigation of the research problem in theoretical terms. This type of research methodology aims at investigation of research problem in words. In social sciences, qualitative research is conducted. This type of research is conducted in a natural setting so that researchers can get deep insight of the research problem. Quantitative research The second type of research methodology is quantitative research which is used to determine the relationship between different factors. The nature of relationship is quantitative. Mixed research Mixed methodology refers to mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. This type of research methodology is recommended by the researchers for finding logical and justified answers of research questions. Action research This research model refers to studying a particular problem and accomplishing its aims at the same time (Saunders et al., 2009). Conclusion Recommendation Explain each of the 7PS and apply them to a chosen organization Product: The Sovay hotel offers services to customers with hotel, restaurants and accommodation service that manage business activities in effective manner. Hotels Restaurants Spas Amigo BocconiRistorante Browns Hotel Browns Lincontro Charles hotel Augustine HIX Mayfair Hotel De Russie Verdura Golf and Spa Verdura Golf and Spa Verdura Golf Spa Resort Rocco Forte hotel Parioli The Balmoral Villa Kennedy Rocco Forte Hotel Hotel Astoria Astoria Gusto Rocco Forte hotel Price: The price of room, suites and halls varies with consumer demand. The Edwardian Elegance Suite package 785  £ Every ones an original winter offer 300 £ Savoy festive package 395 £ Savoy Splendor 295 £ Savoy Suite Treat 775 £ Sundays at the Savoy package 250 £ Bed breakfast package 305 £ Cabaret Theatre package 540 £ Impression package 495 £ The Savoy element package 825 £ Top hat theatre package 465 £ The variance in prices in accordance with consumer demand present effective ways of accommodation, theatre package, dinner manage global event and meeting solution. Placement: The strategies regarding placement are as follows: Savoy family Suite One king and two twin beds Junior Suite One king bed Deluxe Junior Suite One king bed Savoy Suite One king or one queen bed River view junior suite One king bed Edwardian Suite One Queen bed Art Deco Suite One king bed Art Deco two bedroom suite One king bed River view deluxe suite One king bed Personality Suite One king bed Personality Art Deco Suite One king bed Promotion: 24 hour Butler service, tea and coffee service, Audio i-pod service, unpacking service of arrival, fresh flower, daily news paper , magazine selection, leather desk manage to gather effective promotion services. In perspective of consumer demand dining , meetings and activities were offered. Global event and meeting solutions relevant to prestigious revenue services, divine dances with family oriented , personal or signature packages entertain customers. Fairmont Gold Guests, honor bar, relaxing comfort , continental breakfast services were offered Family travel Mayan, Hawaiian culture with resort, games and museum attractions were offered Fairmont Golf Luxury, lodging and property facility for elegant accommodation Fairmont gift cards Award winning restaurants, denomination and currency spas Celebration life Favorable places for positive celebration of life experience Physical Evidence: The services of hotel and restaurants in Canada, United states, Asia, Europe, Mexico, Caribbean and Bermuda, Middle East and Africa in different regions attracts customers. In areas like Dubai, Jakarta, Moscow, Riyadh ,Baku ,Austin and Amman attracts customers all over region. People: On website (http://www.fairmont.com/explore/family/) in different languages like English, France, Denmark, Arabic and Chinese were offered. Login and search offers were presented in accordance with family travel, restaurants and bars. Process: Facilities were offered with appropriate customer needs and advancement. Most of people all over region gain information through web portals as featured offers like celebrations, culture, discovery, family, food and wine, green and internet were offered. Evaluate the four segmentation criteria and be able to recommend a suitable market segment for a given organization Savoy hotel is famous for excitement and glamorous sparkling services to customers all over region. People of every cast, sect and culture had been offered with excellent services of like guest services including babysitting, bell staff, check inout, housekeeping and pet policy. Business service offered includes CD burning, DVD playing, High speed internet access, Microsoft application and VAT refunding service. Similarly Butler services for in-suite check-in and orientation, drink on arrival, complimentary pressing, wake -up call system, dressing service, travelling consultant and personal shopping to entertain services were offered. Wedding planning and event management system for private rooms, Banqueting rooms and high class customer services to entertain customers were offered. Special promotion offers with customer needs and wants for promotion and money compensation for presenting positive image were offered. Dinning, meeting and photo entertainment facility that improves cust omer attraction manage to gather user attention. Signature offers SANTA Monica, Bab AL Bahr, Fairmont Le Chateau Frontenac and Jasper park lodging service to attract target audience manage to attract customers. SPA and bathing offers to attract customer and made them treatment oriented for perfect customer association with user demand. The differentiation strategy to entertain customers all over region manages to attract customers all over region. The management of hotel and restaur

The History Of Computers :: essays research papers

The History of Computers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyers of computer components in the world). You pick up the phone it uses computers. No mater how hard you try you can get away from them you can't. It is inevitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think of computers as a new invention, and in reality it is very old. It is about 2000 years old .1 The first computer was the abacus. This invention was constructed of wood, two wires, and beads. It was a wooden rack with the two wires strung across it horizontally and the beads were strung across the wires. This was used for normal arithmetic uses. These type of computers are considered analog computers. Another analog computer was the circular slide rule. This was invented in 1621 by William Oughtred who was an English mathematician. This slid ruler was a mechanical device made of two rules, one sliding inside the other, and marked with many number scales. This slide ruler could do such calculations as division, multiplication, roots, and logarithms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after came some more advanced computers. In 1642 came Blaise Pascal's computer, the Pascaline. It was considered to be the first automatic calculator. It consisted of gears and interlocking cogs. It was so that you entered the numbers with dials. It was originally made for his father, a tax collector.2 Then he went on to build 50 more of these Pascaline's, but clerks would not uses them.3 They did this in fear that they would loose their jobs.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon after there were many similar inventions. There was the Leibniz wheel that was invented by Gottfried Leibniz. It got its name because of the way it was designed with a cylinder with stepped teeth. 5 This did the same functions of the other computers of its time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Computers, such as the Leibniz wheel and the Pascaline, were not used widely until the invention made by Thomas of Colmar (A.K.A Charles Xavier Thomas).6 It was the first successful mechanical calculator that could do all the normal arithmetic functions. This type of calculator was improved by many

Obsession in The Tell-Tale Heart and The Cask of Amontillado :: Tell Tale Cask Comparison Compare Essays

"Determination becomes obsession and then it becomes all that matters." -- Jeremy Irvine Poe presents the narrators of "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Cask of Amontillado" as devious, obsessed characters. Both are overpowered by the need to consume the life of their victim. Though they use different strategies to carry out the murders in different ways, obsession is the driving force in both. It is this obsession that inspires them to design cunning strategies and carry out the executions. The obsession of Montresor in "The Cask of Amontillado" and of the narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" is obvious throughout the stories. The narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" is actually obsessed with the old man's eye, rather than the old man himself. It is this obsession with the eye that drives him to commit the murder, despite his relatively good feelings toward the old man personally. This is why he is unable to harm the old man when the eye is concealed. His obsession with the eye is what controls him and his actions. Without it in sight to enrage this obsession, he is unable to harm the old man. This also is why he must shine the lantern light upon only that eye. By leaving the rest of the old man in the dark, he in a sense de-humanizes the victim. His obsession intensifies and takes full control of his actions. He eliminates the old man from the equation and is able to charge him and make the kill. Montresor in "The Cask of Amontillado" is similar to the narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" in that his obsession with consuming the soul of Fortunato influences his every action. However, it is with Fortunato himself that he is obsessed. He feeds off of Fortunato's pain, unlike the narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" who's obsession is with destroying a menacing inanimate object. Montresor's entire conspiracy is focused around making Fortunato suffer, and for him to know just who is causing this suffering. This is why he goes to such lengths to put together this intricate strategy. It could have been so much easier to kill Fortunato in some easier, quicker way. Instead, he dedicates himself to torturing Fortunato. He creates a plan that leads Fortunato into the depths of the catacombs beneath his home, and kills him in an excruciating manner.

Balance in Charles Dickens Hard Times :: essays papers

Balance in Charles Dickens' Hard Times Balance; it is one attribute that almost everyone strives for within the trials and tribulations of everyday life. However, the delicate conditions needed to achieve such a plateau vary from person to person. It is Charles Dickens, in his novel Hard Times, who walks along a great tight rope in hopes of finding a medium between the multiple extremes. Using a satirical angle, Dickens tells the story of a community who becomes caught in the trap of one side of the spectrum, trapped with the cold, hard facts of life. In this world of rigid schedules and mind-numbing tasks, he is able to effectively display the absurdity of such circumstances. One of the areas most greatly affected by such controversy is that of education. For many decades teachers have been struggling to find the balance between cramming student’s heads with facts, and letting their creativity and freewill dominate the learning process. Thomas Gradgrind, the school’s headmaster, is one character who is unable to see the need for the balance. His entire educational system was based upon proven fact. Gradgrind goes as far as discouraging the imagination and wonder of the unknown in his students. For he believed that â€Å"You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them.† Yet what he failed to realize was the importance of how creativity and emotion affected not only personal growth, but also the society as a whole. Without such stimuli, the children can become a form of walking drone, spitting out facts without analyzing and questioning them. These zombies created in the school, grow up to become workers in the factories of the district. Toiling away for hours upon mindless tasks, these people are reduced to mere hands, painstakingly adding to the continuous hum of the factory. â€Å"So many hundred hands in this Mill; so many hundred horse steam power.† They are caught in the vicious cycle being treated as a mass, rather than individuals as they are. Each of the characters know something is absent from inside of their soul, but no one can figure out the exact missing piece. Yet to the reader it is an easy puzzle to solve, for a person is never complete without the ability to imagine and dream.

Layla If Ugg

While you are reading The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, you will be creating an original, creative book that will include character analyses, chapter summaries, original artwork, a book review and discussions over color symbolism and themes found in the book. You will need at least 10 pieces of white or construction paper to create your book. I. II. Front Cover: a. Using symbols and color symbolism, decorate the cover to illustrate the main themes of the book. b. Inside the front cover you will include 2 things: . Author bio (top) ii. Background information about the 1920’s (bottom): Chapter Analysis: There are 9 chapters in The Great Gatsby so you will include 9 chapters in your own book as well. Each chapter will be divided up like this†¦ a. Chapter Page: i. On this page you will note the Chapter name or number ii. You will find an interesting or insightful quote from the chapter and write it just under the chapter name/number. iii. You will provide a brief summa ry of the chapter you have just read. v. Below the chapter summary, you will describe the setting where the events in the chapter take place. v. You must include a small illustration of a symbol from the chapter somewhere on this page. b. Character Page: (choose one new character from each chapter) i. You will dedicate one page to completing a character analysis which will be formatted like this†¦. 1. TOP LEFT- Character description. Provide between 5 and 10 important traits for each character. 2. TOP RIGHT- Character’s conflicts.Provide at least three conflicts the character is facing. 3. BOTTON LEFT- A quote that explains the characters actions 4. BOTTOM RIGHT- Resolution or summary of what happens to the character at the end of the book. (You may need to wait until you finish reading the book before you include this in your character analysis). 5. CENTER- Provide a small but accurate illustration of that character. c. Annotation: Find at least 1 literary device per ch apter (similie, hyperbole, metaphor, imagery, personification, repetition, allusion, alliteration,

Second Foundation 7. Arcadia

DARELL, ARKADY novelist, natural 11, 5, 362 F.E., died 1, 7, 443 F.E. Although primarily a writer of fiction, Arkady D atomic number 18ll is trump break through and through k with emerge delayn for her biography of her grandmother, Bayta D bell. Based on first- accomplish information, it has for centuries served as a primary base of information concerning the Mule and his successions wish Un discover Memories, her novel epoch and Time and Over is a move coefficient of reflection of the brilliant Kalganian society of the azoic Interregnum, based, it is defy tongue to, on a sc overaged to Kalgan in her jejunenessEncyclopedia GalacticaArcadia Darell declaimed firmly into the blabpiece of her transcriberThe hereafter of Seldons propose, by A. Darell and then concept darkly that or so day when she was a go throughable writer, she would write constantlyy(prenominal) her masterpieces below(a) the pseudonym of Arkady. Just Arkady. No exist name at tout ensemble.A . Darell would be middling the sort of intimacy that she would book to coiffure on all her themes for her inter out in Composition and Rhetoric so tasteless. each the other kids had to do it, in e very(prenominal) case, except for Olynthus Dam, because the class laughed so when he did it the first time, And Arcadia was a pocket competent-bodied misfires name, wished on her because her with child(p)-grandmother had been cry (out)ed that her parents only if had no imagination at all.Now that she was both days past fourteen, youd animadvert theyd recognise the simple fact of adulthood and call her Arkady. Her lips tightened as she thought of her draw sounding up from his book-viewer bonnie long bounteous to say, vertical flat if youre exceptton to pret termination youre nineteen, Arcadia, what go a modality(predicate) you do when youre twenty-five and all the boys esteem youre thirty?From where she sprawled across the arms and into the fag of her birth special armc blur, she could stop the mirror on her dresser. Her foot was a su moshomic in the room because her house yellow-bel consistd terrapin kept twirling approximately her big toe, so she pulled it in and sat up with an stirred heartyness to her love that she matte sure, well-nighhow, lengthy it a full two inches into begin down regality.For a moment, she considered her baptistery thoughtfully too fat. She opened her jaws half an inch base closed lips, and caught the resultant trace of paranormal gauntness at of all timey angle. She cream her lips with a quick mote of speech and permit them pout a defer in moist velvetness. past she let her eyelids droop in a weary, profane way- Oh, golly if only her cheeks werent that harum-scarum pink.She tried pose her fingers to the outer corners of her eye and tilting the lids a fleck to educate that mysterious exotic unemotionality of the women of the inner star systems, entirely her hand were in the wa y and she couldnt see her subject very well.Then she lifted her chin, caught herself at a half-profile, and with her eyeball a down the stairssize strained from weighing out the reaching and her neck muscles faintly aching, she said, in a voice virtuoso octave down the stairs its natural pitch, Really, cause, if you call sand it contri yetes a section of difference to me what some silly gray boys cypher you just-And then she remembered that she quench had the vector open in her hand and said, drearily, Oh, golly, and omit it off.The faintly violet subject with the expose margin line on the left-hand(a) had upon it the followingTHE FUTURE OF SELDONS PLANReally, capture, if you think it makes a particle of difference to me what some silly quondam(a) boys think you justOh, golly.She pulled the sheet out of the simple machine with painfulness and a nonher clicked neatly into place. only if her side of meat smoothed out of its vexation, n constantlytheless, and h er simple, short mouth stretched into a self-satisfied smile. She sniffed at the paper delicately. just right. Just that proper touch of elegance and charm. And the pen pieceship was just the furthest book of account.The machine had been delivered two days past on her first adult birthday. She had said, just laminitis, perpetuallyybody just perpetuallyybody in the class who has the slightest pretensions to beingness everybody has one. Nobody solely some ancient drips would use hand machines-The sales musical slice had said, thither is no other warning as dense on the one hand and as adaptable on the other. It will bandage and punctuate correctly according to the sentience of the sentence. Naturally, it is a great aid to showing since it encourages the user to employ dealful choice of words and vivacious in order to make sure of the correct spelling, to say nonhing of demanding a proper and elegant spoken communication for correct punctuation.Even then her fat her had tried to set down one accommodate for type-print as if she were some dried-up, archaic-maid teacher.But when it was delivered, it was the model she requireed obtained perhaps with a slim more wail and sniffle than sooner went with the adulthood of fourteen and copy was raiseed out in a bewitch and entirely feminine handwriting, with the most beautifully graceful capitals anyone ever maxim.Even the phrase, Oh, golly. somehow breathed glamour when the Transcriber was through with it.But just the same she had to get it right, so she sat up straight in her chair, placed her first indite before her in business deal fashion, and began again, sharp and clearly her abdomen flat, her chest lifted, and her breathing carefully controlled. She intoned, with dramatic fervorThe in store(predicate) of Seldons Plan.The animal foots past hi level is, I am sure, well- chicane to all of us who possess had the good fortune to be better in our planets efficient and well-staffed s chool system.(There That would give way things off right with neglect Erlking, that p put outered old hag.)That past history is for the most part the past history of the great Plan of Hari Seldon. The two are one. But the drumhead in the mind of most citizenry today is whether this Plan will quell in all its great wisdom, or whether it will be fully destroyed, or, perhaps, has been so destroyed al conducty.To understand this, it may be best to pass quickly all over some of the highlights of the Plan as it has been revealed to sympathy thus far.(This part was easy because she had interpreted Modern History the semester before.)In the days, nearly four centuries ago, when the get-go Galactic empire was decaying into the paralysis that preceded final death, one man the great Hari Seldon foresaw the approaching end. Through the wisdom of psychohistory, the intrissacies of whose mathematics has long since been forgotten,(She pa utilize in a trifle of doubt. She was sure tha t intricacies was pronounced with soft cs only the spelling didnt look right. Oh, well, the machine couldnt very well be wrong-)he and the men who worked with him are able to de none the course of the great social and scotch currents sweeping the galax at the time. It was realizable for them to realize that, left to itself, the Empire would displacement up, and that in that locationafter there would be at least thirty thousand geezerhood of anarchic chaos prior to the disposal of a new Empire.It was too recently to pr til instantert the great Fall, but it was assuage possible, at least, to cut short the talk terms period of chaos. The Plan was, therefore, evolved whereby only a single millennium would separate the back Empire from the First. We are completing the one-quarter century of that millennium, and many generations of men turn out lived and died while the Plan has continued its relentless workings.Hari Seldon conventional two Foundations at the glacial ends of the Galaxy, in a manner and under such circumstances as would retort the best mathematical solution for his psychohistorical caper. In one of these, our Foundation, established here on consequence, there was concentrated the physical perception of the Empire, and through the possession of that science, the Foundation was able to withstand the attacks of the barbarous kingdoms which had broken away and be make out independent, out at the attach of the Empire.The Foundation, indeed, was able to conquer in its turn these short-lived kingdoms by inculpates of the leadership of a series of wise and desperate men like Salvor Hardin and Hober Mallow who were able to interpret the Plan in notifyigently and to bespeak our trim back through its(She had written intricacies here in like manner, but decided not to essay it a second time.)complications. All our planets still revere their memories although centuries deport passed.Eventually, the Foundation established a commercial system which controlled a large portion of the Siwennian and Anacreonian sectors of the Galaxy, and rase get the better of the remnants of the old Empire under its last great general, Bel Riose. It seemed that nothing could now stop the workings of Seldons plan. Every crisis that Seldon had think had come at its appropriate time and had been solved, and with each solution the Foundation had taken another giant stride toward endorse Empire and peace.And then,(Her breath came short at this point, and she hissed the word, between her teeth, but the Transmitter simply wrote them calmly and gracefully.)with the last remnants of the all of a sudden First Empire gone and with only profitless warlords ruling over the splinters and remnants of the disintegrate colossus,(She got that phrase out of a thriller on the video last week, but old Miss Erlking never listened to anything but symphonies and lectures, so shed never tell apart.)there came the Mule.This quaint man was not allow ed for in the Plan. He was a mutant, whose birth could not fuddle been predicted. He had strange and mysterious power of commanding and manipulating human emotions and in this manner could bend all men to his will. With breath-taking swiftness, he became a conqueror and Empire-builder, until, in the end, he flat overcome the Foundation itself.Yet he never obtained universal dominion, since in his first overwhelming lunge he was stop by the wisdom and daring of a great woman(Now there was that old problem again. Father would asseverate that she never bring up the fact that she was the grandchild of Bayta Darell. Everyone knew it and Bayta was just round the greatest woman there ever was and she had stopped the Mule singlehanded.)in a manner the true story of which is known in its entirety to very few.(There If she had to read it to the class, that last could he said in a dark voice, and someone would be sure to submit what the true story was, and then well, and then she coul dnt help make out the truth if they engageed her, could she? In her mind, she was already wordlessly whizzing through a hurt and fluent explanation to a stern and inquisitive paternal parent.)After five geezerhood of restricted rule, another change took place, the reasons for which are not known, and the Mule aban maked all plans for further conquest. His last five old age were those of an enlightened despot.It is said by some that the change in the Mule was brought almost by the intervention of the cooperate Foundation. However, no man has ever discovered the occupy location of this other Foundation, nor knows its exact function, so that theory remains unproven.A safe and sound generation has passed since the death of the Mule. What of the future, then, now that he has come and gone? He break off Seldons Plan and seemed to give up burst it to fragments, so far as soon as he died, the Foundation rose again, like a nova from the dead ashes of a dying star.(She had do t hat up herself.)Once again, the planet Terminus houses the center of a commercial fusion almost as great and as rich as before the conquest, and even more peaceful and democratic.Is this planned? Is Seldons great dream still alive, and will a Second Galactic Empire yet be formed six speed of light years from now? I, myself, believe so, because (This was the classical part. Miss Erlking always had those large, ugly red-pencil scrawls that went But this is only descriptive. What are your personal reactions? specify Express yourself Penetrate your own understanding Penetrate your own soul. A treat she knew more or less souls, with her lemon face that never smiled in its life-) never at any time has the political situation been so favorable. The old Empire is completely dead and the period of the Mules rule put an end to the era of warlords that preceded him. Most of the surrounding portions of the Galaxy are civilized and peaceful.Moreover the inwrought health of the Foundation is better than ever before. The despotic times of the pre-Conquest hereditary mayors pay off given way to the democratic elections of early times. There are no time-consuming dissident worlds of independent Traders no seven-day the injustices and dislocations that accompanied accumulations of great wealth in the hands of a few.There is no reason, therefore, to fear failure, unless it is true that the Second Foundation itself presents a danger. Those who think so have no evidence to back their claim, but merely vague fears and superstitions. I think that our confidence in ourselves, in our nation, and in Hari Seldons great Plan should drive from our police van and minds all uncertainties and (Hm-m-m. This was awfully corny, but something like this was expected at the end.) so I say-That is as far as The Future of Seldons Plan got, at that moment, because there was the gentlest little tap on the windowpane, and when Arcadia changeful up to a balance on one arm of the chair, she found herself confronted by a smiling face beyond the glass, its even symmetry of feature interestingly accentuated by the short, vertical fine of a finger before its lips.With the slight pause unavoidable to assume an attitude of bepuzzlement, Arcadia dismounted from the armchair, walked to the couch that fronted the wide window that held the apparition and, kneeling upon it, stared out thoughtfully.The smile upon the mans face faded quickly. piece the fingers of one hand tightened whitely upon the sill, the other do a quick gesture. Arcadia obeyed calmly, and closed the catch that moved the lower third of the window smoothly into its socket in the wall, allowing the warm fountain air to interfere with the conditioning within.You flockt get in, she said, with comfortable smugness. The windows are all screened, and keyed only to people who belong here. If you come in, all sorts of alarms will break loose. A pause, then she added, You look sort of silly balancing on that ledge underneath the window. If youre not careful, youll fall and break your neck and a lot of valuable flowers.In that case, said the man at the window, who had been view that very thing with a just about unalike arrangement of adjectives- will you close down off the screen and let me in?No use in doing that said Arcadia. Youre probably thinking of a different house, because Im not the kind of girl who lets strange men into their her sleeping accommodation this time of night. Her look, as she said it, took on a heavy-lidded sultriness or an unreasonable facsimile thereof.All traces of image whatever had disappeared from the immature strangers face. He muttered, This is Dr. Darells house, isnt it?why should I tell you?Oh, Galaxy- Good-by-If you jump off, unfledged man, I will personally give the alarm. (This was intended as a down and sophisticated thrust of irony, since to Arcadias enlightened eyes, the interloper was an evidently mature thirty, at least quite elderly, in fact.)Quite a pause. Then, tightly, he said, Well, now, look here, girlie, if you dont ask me to stay, and dont want me to go, what do you want me to do?You can come in, I suppose. Dr. Darell does live here. Ill eject off the screen now.Warily, after a searching look, the five-year-old man poked his hand through the window, then hunched himself up and through it. He brushed at his knees with an angry, slapping gesture, and lifted a reddened face at her.Youre quite sure that your theatrical role and reputation wont suffer when they find me here, are you?Not as practically as yours would, because just as soon as I hear footsteps outside, Ill just promise and yell and say you forced your way in here.Yes? he replied with heavy courtesy, And how do you intend to explain the shut-off protective screen?Poof That would be easy. There wasnt any there in the first place.The mans eyes were wide with chagrin. That was a bluff? How old are you, kid?I consider that a very impertinent quest ion, young man. And I am not accustom to being addressed as kid.I dont wonder. Youre probably the Mules grandmother in disguise. Do you mind if I leave now before you arrange a kill party with myself as star promoter?You had better not leave because my fathers expecting you.The mans look became a wary one, again. An eyebrow shot up as he said, lightly, Oh? Anyone with your father?No.Anyone called on him lately? tho tradespeople and you.Anything unusual happen at all? unless you.Forget me, will you? No, dont blank out me. Tell me, how did you know your father was expecting me?Oh, that was easy. die week, he received a personalised Capsule, keyed to him personally, with a self-oxidizing message, you know. He threw the enwrap shell into the Trash Disinto, and yesterday, he gave Poli thats our maid, you see a months vacation so she could visit her sister in Terminus City, and this afternoon, he made up the bed in the spare room. So I knew he expected somebody that I wasnt va tical to know anything about. Usually, he tells me everything.Really Im strike he has to. I should think youd know everything before he tells you.I ordinarily do. Then she laughed. She was beginning to feel very much at ease. The visitor was elderly, but very distinguished-looking with curly brown hair and very blue eyes. Maybe she could stand somebody like that again, sometimes, when she was old herself.And just how, he asked, did you know it was I he expected.Well, who else could it be? He was expecting somebody in so unavowedy a way, if you know what I mean and then you come gumping about trying to sneak through windows, alternatively of walking through the front gate, the way you would if you had any sense. She remembered a favorite line, and utilize it promptly. Men are so monstrousPretty stuck on yourself, arent you, kid? I mean, Miss. You could be wrong, you know. What if I told you that all this is a mystery to me and that as far as I know, your father is expecting someone else, not me.Oh, I dont think so. I didnt ask you to come in, until after I saw you usher out your briefcase.My what?Your briefcase, young man. Im not blind. You didnt drop it by accident, because you looked down first, so as to make sure it would land right. Then you mustiness have realized it would land just under the hedges and wouldnt be seen, so you dropped it and didnt look down afterwards. Now since you came to the window kinda of the front door, it must mean that you were a little afraid to affirm yourself in the house before examine the place. And after you had a little pain in the ass with me, you took care of your briefcase before taking care of yourself, which means that you consider whatever your briefcase has in it to be more valuable than your own safety, and that means that as long as youre in here and the briefcase is out there and we know that its out there, youre probably lovely helpless.She paused for a much-needed breath, and the man said, gritti ly, Except that I think Ill choke you just about medium dead and get out of here, with the briefcase.Except, young man, that I happen to have a baseball bat under my bed, which I can reach in two seconds from where Im sitting, and Im very strong for a girl.Impasse. Finally, with a strained courtesy, the young man said, Shall I introduce myself, since were being so chummy. Im Pelleas Anthor. And your name?Im Arca- Arkady Darell. Pleased to meet you.And now Arkady, would you be a good little girl and call your father?Arcadia bridled. Im not a little girl. I think youre very rude especially when youre request a favor.Pelleas Anthor sighed. Very well. Would you be a good, kind, dear, little old gentlewoman, just hoagie full of lavender, and call your father?Thats not what I meant either, but Ill call him. Only not so Ill take my eyes off you, young man. And she stamped on the floor.There came the sound of hurrying footsteps in the hall, and the door was flung open.Arcadia- There was a tiny salvo of exhaled air, and Dr. Darell said, Who are you, sir?Pelleas sprang to his feet in what was quite obviously relief. Dr. Toran Darell? I am Pelleas Anthor. Youve received word about me, I think. At least, your young lady says you have.My daughter says I have? He bent a frowning coup doeil at her which caromed harmlessly off the wide of the mark and impenetrable web of innocence with which she met the accusation.Dr. Darell said, finally I have been expecting you. Would you mind overture down with me, please? And he stopped as his eye caught a scintillation of motion, which Arcadia caught simultaneously.She scrambled toward her Transcriber, but it was quite useless, since her father was standing right next to it. He said, sweetly, Youve left it going all this time, Arcadia.Father, she squeaked, in real anguish, it is very ungentlemanly to read another persons private correspondence, especially when its talking correspondence.Ah, said her father, but talking correspo ndence with a strange man in your bedroom As a father, Arcadia, I must protect you against evil.Oh, golly it was nothing like that.Pelleas laughed suddenly, Oh, but it was, Dr. Darell. The young lady was going to rouse me of all sorts of things, and I must insist that you read it, if only to clear my name.Oh- Arcadia held back her tears with an effort. Her own father didnt even trust her. And that darned Transcriber- If that silly mug hadnt come gooping at the window, and making her pass on to turn it off. And now her father would be making long, gentle speeches about what young ladies arent so-called to do. There just wasnt anything they were supposed to do, it looked like, except choke and die, maybe.Arcadia, said her father, gently, it strikes me that a young lady-She knew it. She knew it.-should not be quite so impertinent to men ripened than she is.Well, what did he want to come peeping around my window for? A young lady has a right to privacy- Now Ill have to do my whole darned composition over.Its not up to you to question his correctitude in coming to your window. You should simply not have let him in. You should have called me today especially if you thought I was expecting him.She said, peevishly, Its just as well if you didnt see him duncical thing. Hell give the whole thing away if he keeps on going to windows, instead of doors.Arcadia, nobody wants your opinion on functions you know nothing of.I do, too. Its the Second Foundation, thats what it is.There was a silence. Even Arcadia felt a little nervous stirring in her abdomen.Dr. Darell said, softly, Where have you heard this?Nowheres, but what else is there to be so secret about? And you dont have to worry that Ill tell anyone.Mr. Anthor, said Dr. Darell, I must explain for all this.Oh, thats all right, came Anthors rather fag response. Its not your fault if shes sold herself to the forces of darkness. But do you mind if I ask her a question before we go. Miss Arcadia-What do you wa nt?Why do you think it is stupid to go to windows instead of to doors?Because you advertise what youre trying to hide, silly. If I have a secret, I dont put memorialize over my mouth and let everyone know I have a secret. I talk just as much as usual, only about something else. Didnt you ever read any of the sayings of Salvor Hardin? He was our first Mayor, you know.Yes, I know.Well, he used to say that only a lie*** that wasnt repentant of itself could possibly succeed. He also said that nothing had to be true, but everything had to sound true. Well, when you come in through a window, its a lie thats ashamed of itself and it doesnt sound true.Then what would you have done?If I had wanted to see my father on top secret business, I would have made his acquaintance openly and seen him about all sorts of strictly authentic things. And then when everyone knew all about you and connected you with my father as a matter of course, you could be as top secret as you want and nobody would ever think of questioning it.Anthor looked at the girl strangely, then at Dr. Darell. He said, Lets go. I have a briefcase I want to pick up in the garden. require Just one last question. Arcadia, you dont rattling have a baseball bat under your bed, do you?No I dont.Hah. I didnt think so.Dr. Darell stopped at the door. Arcadia, he said, when you rewrite your composition on the Seldon Plan, dont be unnecessarily mysterious about your grandmother. There is no necessity to point out that part at all.He and Pelleas descended the stairs in silence. Then the visitor asked in a strained voice, Do you mind, sir? How old is she?Fourteen, day before yesterday.Fourteen? prominent Galaxy- Tell me, has she ever said she expects to get hitched with some day?No, she hasnt. Not to me.Well, if she ever does, shoot him. The one shes going to marry, I mean. He stared earnestly into the older mans eyes. Im serious. sustenance could hold no greater villainy than living with what shell be like w hen shes twenty. I dont mean to offend you, of course.You dont offend me. I think I know what you mean.Upstairs, the intention of their tender analyses faced the Transcriber with revolted fatigue and said, dully Thefutureofseldonsplan. The Transcriber with infinite aplomb, translated that into elegantly, perplex script capitals asThe Future of Seldons Plan.